resumen del subjuntivo File

Usos del Subjuntivo
1. Noun clauses: (texto p. 184-85)
 work like a noun - d.o. or subject of sentence generally
 must have “qualifying” verb/expression in independent clause that expresses uncertainty, (doubt, disbelief,
denial, skepticism, negated facts), emotion, demands (wants, needs, insistence, advice, expectation, imposition)
 must have dependent clause that is introduced by que and includes a different subject
Espero que todos salgan bien en el examen.
Dudo que Roberto ya haya llegado.
El entrenador insiste en que nadie fume.
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some verbs can take either subordinate subjunctive clause or IOPN and infinitive: mandar, permitir, dejar,
prohibir
Paco manda que ayudemos.
El director permite que salgamos para almorzar.
Paco nos manda ayudar.
El director nos permite salir para almorzar.
if there is qual verb but no change of subject  use infinitive [ Yo espero salir bien en el examen.]
if there is no qual verb but change of subject  use indicative [Yo sé que van a salir bien en el examen.]
if there is qual verb and change of subject  use subjunctive [Yo espero que todos salgan bien.]
Vocabulario:
Impersonal expressions
es bueno
es conveniente
es importante
es (im)posible
es (in)útil
es (una) lástima
Expressions of certainty – no subjunctive after
es cierto
es verdad
es evidente
no es dudoso
es obvio
Expressions of emotion
alegrarse de
estar contento
enfadarse con
lamentar
enojarse de
preferir
Expressions of doubt
dudar
no creer
negar
no pensar
acaso
quizá(s)
tal vez
es dudoso
es malo
es mejor
es preferible
es ridículo
es sorprendente
es terrible
sentir
sorprender
temer
tener miedo de
¿creer?
¿pensar?
2. Adjective Clauses: (texto p. 297)
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works like an adjective – follows a noun, begins with que
frequently used with verbs such as buscar, necesitar, querer, etc and with the future or conditional tenses
implies that the noun being modified does not or may not exist
use the subjunctive in the dependent clause if the antecedent (noun modified) is negative or indefinite
Buscamos una secretaria que hable español.
No conocemos a nadie que no tenga teléfono celular.
¿Hay alguien aquí que sepa prender la calefacción?
3. Adverb Clauses: (texto p. 364-65)
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works like an adverb – follows a verb, begins with an adverb
implies that an event may or may not ever take place, that a purpose may or may not be fulfilled
always used with conjunctions such as a fin de que, para que, a menos que, antes (de) que, con tal que, en
caso de que, sin que
used with these conjunctions ONLY if doubt, uncertainty, indefiniteness is implied: aunque, cuando, de manera
que, de modo que, después (de) que, en cuanto, luego ,que, tan pronto como, así que, hasta que, mientras,
donde, según
usually has a change of subject but not with all, such as cuando and mientras; use infinitive is possible
always used after compounds of –quiera: dondequiera que, cual(es)quiera que, quien(es)quiera que,
cuandoquiera que, por + adj/adv+que
subjunctive is NOT used when describing habitual or completed actions (we know that they happen)
Vocabulario:
para que
a fin de que
a menos que
con tal que
en caso de
antes (de) que
sin que
aunque
cuando
de manera que
de modo que
en cuanto
luego que
tan pronto como
así que
hasta que
mientras
después (de) que
4. If clauses (texto p. 358)
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present subjunctive is NEVER used with if
if clauses work like their English counterparts
in a realistic situation 'if' clause is in the present indicative and the result clause is in the future indicative
If you work hard you will succeed. – Si trabajas mucho, tendrás éxito.
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in a contrary-to-fact situation the 'if' clause is in imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive and the result clause is in
conditional or conditional perfect indicative (or sometimes imperfect subjunctive)
If you worked hard (but you don't) you would succeed (which you won't). –
Si trabajaras mucho tendrías éxito.
If you had worked hard (you didn't) you would have succeeded (you didn't). [Same idea, but in the past.]
Si hubieras trabajado mucho, habrías tenido éxito.
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como si is ALWAYS followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive.
Me mira como si yo fuera ladrón.
He looks at me as if I were a thief.
Siempre lo miran como si no tuviera ningún sentido común.
They always look at him as if he had no common sense.