• Not to be eited without prior referenee to the authors International

• Not to be eited without prior referenee to the authors International

•
Not to be eited without prior referenee to the authors
International Couneil for the
Exploration of the Sea
C.M. 199/L:87
Biologieal
Oeeanography Committee
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ZOOPLANKTON IN CANARY ISLANDS WATERS
THE UPPER 200 METRES
IN
by
C.
•
Gareia-Ramos, J.G. Braun, J.M. Rodriguez and J.E.
Instituto Espanol de Oeeanografia
Centro Oeeanografieo de Canarias
Carretera de San Andres, s/n
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Espana
Eseanez
ABSTRACT
Some studies of mesozooplankton have been earried out in the
water eolumn between 0 and 200 metres as mueh in global form as
in layer fraetions, in order to see the eommunity strueture in
its diverse taxonomie groups in two zones of the island of
Tenerife situated at the isobath of 1000 metres at an approximate
distanee of 5 miles from the eoast.
The first station was
situated in the North East of Tenerife and the seeond in the
South West.
•
The average values reaehed with regard to no.
ind./m3 in the
0-200 .metre water eolumn for the North East zone (San Andres)
were 444 ind./m3 and 616 ind./m3 for the South West zone (Los
Cristianos), the highest values found was 1326 ind./m3.
The study fraetioned in layers whieh was earried out in San
Andres showed a highest number of 1844 ind./m3 for the 0-10 metre
layer in the month of June.
A deerease of no.
ind./m3 was
always observed with ineresase depth.
Copepods eonstituted 69% of the average value followed by fish
Eggs and Larvae (10.26%), Appendicularians (6.65%), Chaetognaths
(3.20%), Ostraeods (2.46%) and the Siphonophores (2.11%) these
being the most representative groups.
'.,
I
\
..
.
>." ; ~ .. ~
~
'f'
. '.
',;
,.
.
.',.
..
~.
.
i
.....
,..
'". .
.- -.~
~
-
.
'.'.
.
INTRODUCTION
~
The geographieal situation of the Canary Islands is of great
interest for Oeeanography and Planktologyc in partieular; for
diverse reasons,amongst whieh, one of the mostimportant is its
aeeess to zones of great depthnot far from the eoast, in whieh
different water-masses eoexist whieh allow us to study with great
interest the oeeanie eeosystem. We.should also take into aeeount
the proximity of the Afriean upwelling, whieh we know has some
influenee on eertain areas in our islands.
The first studies of plankton in the Afriean-Canaries zone, were
earried out through diverse expeditions in the zone, but they
were more or less sporadie, and took plaee at the endof the
deeade of the sixties.... Works on zooplankton in what we might
eall authentie~eanarY,waterswere started byCorral (1970) with
taxonomie,works in our superfieial waters, whieh,were followed by
others (Corral, 1970,1972 a and b, 1973; Corr~l arid Genieio,
1970; Corral y Pereiro, 1974; Carnero, 1971; Fernandez-Bigler,
1971) and in preliminary studies on eeology,and the importanee of
plankton in the food ehain (Oe Leen and Braun, 1973; Braun, 1974,
1976, 1980, 1981; Braun and Real, 1984; Bra~n et al.,. 1985;
Hernandez-Leen,
1983,. 1986,
1987,
1988
a" band e ;
Hernandez-Leen and Miranda-Rodal, 1987; Hernaridez-L~en et al.,
1984; Fernandez de Puelles, 1987; Fernandez de Puelles arid Braun,
1989; Santamaria et al., 1989; Aristegui et al., 1989).
n
Reeently in the,work earried out by.santamarla et al~
(1989) a
eompared
analysis
was
made
so as to see,anypossible
spatial-temporal variations in the zooplanktonie.eommunity in two
zones of the' island of Tenerife: San Andres in the North 'East
and Los Cristianos in the South West~
'---
,
"'~~t.;
I.
•
,," ,.' ..~
In the present study we h~ve attempted t~ eompa~e.in t~eie two
zones distant from the island of Tenerife, the temporal and
spatial variations between both of them with regard to the
strueture of the mesozooplanktonie eommunities,samplig the 0-200
metre water eolumn in both zones and with fractioned samples in
layers in the San Andres station, together with an analysis of
zooplankton biomass.
In this paper we present the results of
earried out from Mareh to Deeember 1989.
aseries
of
samples
, .
MATERIAL AND METHODS
.
zooplankton .was collected. in two zones off the island of
Tenerife:
San Andres and Los Cristianos. In each one a fixed
.'
.
.
~
•.
..
.' \ ' ,.
.>
.
11.
•
Page 3
station was established at the 1000 metre"proflle aböut 5 .milE!s
from the eoast. ,The geographieal situation in the San Andres
station beirig 28° .30' N and 16° 06' Wand 28° 03' N and 16° 47' W
for Los _Cristiarios 1 • catehirigswere al~ays made at ade~th.of
over 250 m~tres. ,A totalof 41,samples were taken, 11 of whleh
eorresponded to .. the eomplete eolumn (0-200 metres ) and 30, to the
eolumri (0-250m) fractioned in layers (0-10m); (O-SOm); (25~75m);
(50-100m); (75~125m); (100-150m); (125-175m) i (150-250m).
'
<
.
, ,
The zooplankton was samples using a WP-2 standart net (UNESCO,
1968) . with a mesh of 200 F (for this reason this net, is designed
for the eapture of,mesozooplankton) and a net mouth of 0.25
squares metres; the ealculted effieieney of .this net ~s 94%
(UNESCO,op. eit.). The samples were eaught be mea~s of,verical
fishing with an approximate duration of 10 minutes,for the~ascent
of the eomplete level (0":,,,200 metres).Once on board the captures
were eonserved in 5% formol neutralized with borax.
,
,e
I~
~,
Parallel to ,the works on zooplanktonic fishing hydrologieal data
were eolleeted using 8 .litre Niskin bottles. equipped with
~eversing thermometers to determine
the, temperature" salinit~,
oiygen,. nutrient~ and. chloro~hyl~ at,depthsof~O, 25, 50, 75,
100,.125, 150 and 200 metres, as well as oblique eaptures of
zooplanktonusing. thi Bongo net with meshes of 335 p and 250 p
for the study of ichthyoplankton.
Onee in the laboratory eäch sample was ehanged fröm
the
eonservation bottle to a 200 p mesh so as to remove the formol~
This was then divided into aseries of aliquotes with the Folson,
two of~hieh wereplaced, independently in .a Petri dish for
reeounting zooplankton. Subsequently; with . the numerical data
obtained,.and by means of the Horwood and Dri~er~mithod (1976)
the total number of individuals of each taxonomie group present
in the wh6le of the sampling was determined in ~o. ind~/m3.
•
wlth regard to the studies of biomass, once the, corresporiding
aliquotes had. been read using an este~oseopicimierciseopei thiy
were plaeed together so, as to proeeed to the determination of the
wet weight, after passing through a sieve of 200 p and having had
the intersti tial.water extraeted using fil tet- paper. . The sample
was subsequently weighed on.a Sartoritis analytiealjeali,with a
preeision of 0.1 mg. Once the sample had beenweighed, it was
put into an Heraeus sto~e at 60°C for 24 hours so .as to determine
the dry weight after leaving the sample to eool down in a drier
for 30 minutes following Lovegrove method (1966); The biomass
da ta are expressed in.wet weight and dryweight in mg/m3, in % of
dry weight and in mg dry weightjindividual.
-------------------
Page 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The zooplankton community was constitued in the f~llowing groups:
Copepods, .
.
Euphausiids larvae .
Fish eggsand larvae
Appendicularians
Chaetognaths
Siphonophores
Ostracods
Salps arid Doliolids
Cladocerans
Hydromedusae
•
Pteropods
"
Gastropd larvae.
Foraminifera and Radiolarians
Decapods larvae
polychaete larvae
Ctenophores
Amphipods
Cirripedes larvae
Echinoderm larvae
In the global study of the 0-200 metre water column a se ries of
graphs has been made up (Fig.
1) in.an attecipt to see the
spatial and temporal variation in the two Island zones and also
to compare the total number of individua1s throughout the period
of study with surface chlorophyll.
The abundance of the different zooplanktonic groups has beeri
expressed,in relative frequencies and all,the"organisms which did
not go over 1% were inclued,in the various section . (Table land
Fig., 2).
Gr~phs have, alsobeen made up (Fig. , 3 arid.4) to see
the temporal variation expressed in relative frequencies in the
groups of Copepods, Fish,eggs and larvae of the two zones as well
as the total number of ind./m3.
With reference to the,water column fratloned in ,layers a graph
has been made up to see the variation of the abundance with
regard to depth (Fig. 6).
.
•
~-"
Iri San Andres' the ,most abundant group wa·s·-aIw~ys. th~t: -~f'~ "the
Copepods. whose relative frequencyoscilates between 84% and 64%,
April being the month with the highest,value and June the lowest
due to the increase in Fish eggs in this same morith (22%)~
In Los Cristianos thecopepods presented values between, 84% ,for
the month, of September and 31% for the month of June, this
increase also coincided, wi th a". great number of.. Fish, eggs
reaching, on this occasion,almost 51%. The lowest values of
Fish eg9s and,larvaecorresponded to the month of March. with 1%
in. the San Andres station and less than 2% in March and April in
the LosCristianos station. The Copepods have, had an average
value of zooplankton individuals for both iones of 69%; a value
which.co!ncides with values.listed by Mingoran6e (1983) 64% and
Santamarla et al~ (1989) 69%.
.. .. v; .. - -""-"-'
...
. ......... _ ...... -...
."
iI
-:.. ....
:'....~..
'.
~.
.~
.
.'
. Page 5
follow in order of importance
are
the
were, ~resen~ ,in,all the sa~ples~exce~t
those 1n the month of september, when they were not observed,
being,
generallyspeaking, somewhat more. abundant in Los
Cristianos than in San Andres. The highest value corresponded to
Los Cristianos, about 13% in the month of March and 12% towards
the end of November in the San Andres zone, .data which correspond
to the value listed by Hernandez-Leon (1988a) with an average
value for the whole period of 6.65%.
The Chaetognaths ,and
Siphonophores oscillated between 1% and 6%, the former being more
a~undant and
with no clear spatial~temporal, variation being
observed.More information about Chaetognaths can,be found in
the works 'of Hernandez (1983, 1985 a and b, . 1986, 1987);
Hernandez
and
Lozano (1984);
The Ostracods were ariother
'relatively iciportant ,grou~. ,They were present in all the. months
that were studied except in,the month of June in San Andres, when
theywere absent. Their values ,remained low, around1% from
March to september with a notable increase between 4% and8% in
the months of November andDecember and with no significant
differences existing in their abundance in either zone. Their
average value of 2.46% iS"very close to that. obtained. by
Fernandez de Puelles (1986) 3%. The Salps andthe Dolio1ids were
found in the months of June, November and December; thelatter
being much more abundant. Their maximun values were close to 2%
for the month of June, which consequently led to, '. together wi th
the increase in Fish eggs and la~vae,. a notable drop in the
proportion of Copepodsi a phenomenon which was also observed by
Santamaria et ale (1989). Gastropd larvae were present during
the whole periodof study, reaching values .close to 3% in Los
Cristianos in the morith of November, which also ocurred with the
Pteropd~ in
the same ,zone, and ~ith a relatively similar
frequency being observed in ,both groups. Their average values
never went above 1.5%. Foraminifera and Radiolarians had maximum
values of around 2% in April and December and in the rest of the
months that were sampled around 1%.
Hydromedusae were. alijays
present with percentages under 1% in the~month ofMarch in San
Andres when this figure,was slight1y . exceeded •. The ."Decapods
larvae were practically a1ways found in small percentages under
1% except in the month. of June in Los Cristianos when they
reached 2%.
The Cladocerans were only found in oursamples in
June in both zones off the island and in Los Cristianos towards
the endof November; their maximum value was obtained
June in
San Andres; nevertheless,they,presented insignificant values with
regard to the zooplankton community.
The
groups
which
Append~cularians whi~h.
•
..
in
Wi th regard to the .,nuIl'lber of iridividuals per uni t cif volum a
maximum volume of, 1326. '. ind~/m3' was reached in the 0-200 metre
water ,Column for the Southern zone of Tenerife and 918 ind;/m3 in
the ,North,East of Tenerife~ These values corresponded,to the
month of March and 332 and 145 ind./m3 respectilvely were the
minimum ~values for.the month of December; .The average value ,for
San,Andres,was 444 ind./m3 and 616 ind./m3 for the Southern
region,of Tenerife, these values being congruent with those found
by other authors in the islands (Table 11).
..
-.-.~.....
.
. ......
Page 6
The maximum dry weight values in mg/m3 corresponded tci the .month
of march in both zones with 4~7 mg/m3 for Sari Andres and 10.3
mg/m3 for Los.Cristianos~. The lowest ,value, was obtairied .towards
the end of the year 1;71.mg/m3 in the Souther zone of Tenerife;
The average individual dry weight value found by us was 5;33
pg/ind. ,,(ranging . between ,.5 "and.8 pg/ind.), appreciably lower
quantities than those given by Fernandez de Puelles (1986); (8-18
pg/ind~).
santamaria et ale (1989) lists for Tenerife waters a
range between 6-10 pg/ind;
with referenci t~. the month~, .of
January, February and May and Hernandez~Leon (1988a) gives
average va1ues of 13 pg/ind~
•
with regard to the distribution of mesozooplankton fractions in
layers between 0 and 250metres, their study was carriedout in
the months of June, September, November and December, but onlyin
the
San Andres station.
Althoügh data about biomass arid
communi ty structure exist in the different layers, in the present
work we only want tomakesome general observations which are as
follows: The number cif individuals was greater in O~lO metre
layer with a maximum value of 1844 ind;/m3 in the morith of June~
due to the great abundan~e of, fish-eggs and with a. Copepod
percentage of only 19%~
The lowest number öf individuals,for
this superficial surface was fourid towards the end of november
with 322 ind;/m3. It can he observed how the number of animals
decreases withdepth (Fig. 6). This is very.similar, up to 200
metres, to that described by Hopkins (1982) in Mexican Gulf
waters.
Generally speaking Copepods maintained similar per~entages in all
the layers,equiva~ent or close to the measure cf 69% in the 0-200
metre water column.
Up to now we have observed,any clear differences either in the
batimetric distribution ~ith regard to the. relative abundarice,of
the different taxonomicalgroups or in the structure of the
mesozooplanktonic
community;
but
as
already
mentioned,
differences have been obeserved with regard to the total number
of ind./m3which implies that sometimes some of the groups
present in the sampIes are not found.
Cladocerans were only abundant in the month of June in the 0-10
metre and 0-50 metres layers with respective.values of 7% and
2;5%, practically disappearing as from100 metres, this being_the
case
where
a
batimetric. distribution was c1early. seen.
Appendicularians and Chaetognaths maintained their
relative
frequencies., in ,a similar way and,were fotind in nearly ill ~h!
layers. Pteropods were somewhat more abundant at ,depths above
the first 100 metres.
Decapods larvae were distributed in a
small percentage regulary throughout the whole water ,column.
Foraminiferä were more or less absent in the months of June and
September arid were relatively abundant in all the layers in
.... - .....
.,~
-.. ....,
~
.'
Page 7
November and December.
Biomass da ta expressed in dry weight were, aswas to be supposed,
higher in. the upper layers (0-10 metres; 0-50 metres) givin~ an
average value of 2.92 mg/m3 and 0.48 mg/m3 as . an average value
for the 150-250 metre layer. The highest individuals dry weights
appeared in the deeper layers with a range of between 11 and 19
pg/ind. and the lowest values in the 0-10 metre layer with 3 and
7 pg/ind.
CONCLUSIONS
•
Results obtained in what is referred to as no. ind./m3 are very
close to those found by other authors for the Canary Islands,
with figures approaching the values given by Le Borgne (1977) in
the Ecuatorial Atlantic •
During the period of study the average number of animals ~y m3
was found to be somewhat higher in Los Cristianos than ~n San
Andres, but with both of them showing values quite close to 500
ind./m3.
The abundance of the no. "ind./m3 clearly decreases with depth.
The zooplankton community consisted of 21 groups.
Copepods were the most abundant in the 2 Island zoneswith a
relative frequency which coincides with Santamaria et ale (1989)
of 69%.
•
Eggs and fish larvae were always more abundant in the upper
layers reaching values of 66% in the month of June for the 0-10
layer in San Andres.
Appendicularians continued in importance, being in
general
slightly more abundant in the South West of Tenerife except in
the month of November in San Andres when their percentage reached
12%~
Ostracods and Chaetognaths 'were
values of 2% "and 3% respectively.
always
present
with
average
Siphonophores were also present in the community with maximum
values being reached in the months of November and December to
Page 8
the order of 3 and 6%.
Salps and Doliolids were very scarce groups and were only present
in June, November and December, the latter forming practically
all of the group.
Cladocerans were notoriously abundant in the month of June but
they did not appear in March, April, September or December. In
this month, June, they bloomed in superficial layers reeaching a
relative frequency of 7% .
The rest of the
percentages.
zoological
groups
were
present
in
very
low
Absolute abundancy presented a maximum of 10.3 mg/m3 in Los
Cristianos in the month of March in dry weight and an average
va1ue of 3.49 mg/m3 during the whole of the period of study.
•
Page 9
Table 1.-
Explication of Fig. 2.
Copepods
Fish eggs and larvae
Appendicularians
Chaetognaths
Siphonophores
0- Ostracods
m- Hydromedusae
d- Salps and Doliolids
ktgufbpv-
Ca
haq"
s-
Table 11.- Number
1slands waters.
e
Zone
NE
S
NE
SW
NE
S
NE
SW
•
of
organisms
Cladocerans
Pteropods
Gastropd larvae
Euphausiids larvae
Foraminifera and Radiolarians
Decapods larvae
polychaete larvae
Various
of
mesozooplankton
253
420
1314
760
282
553
444
616
Table 111.- Mesozooplanktonic
Cristianos stations
Month
Station
March
March
April
April
June
June
Sept.
Sept.
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
Dec.
S.Andres
L.Cristianos
S.Andres
L.Cristianos
S.Andres
L.Cristianos
S.Andres
L.Cristianos
S.Andres
L.Cristianos
S.Andres
L. Cristianos
Canary
Author
no. ind./m3
Tenerife
Tenerife
Tenerife
Tenerife
Tenerife
Gran Canaria
Tenerife
Tenerife
in
Braun (1981)
Mingorance (1983)
Santamarta (1984)
Santamaria (1984)
Fernandez de Puelles (1986)
Hernandez-Leon (1988a)
Present work
Present work
biomass
Wet weight
mg/m3
in
San
Dry weight
%
mg/m3
Andres
and
mg dry
weight/ind.
44.3
85.1
20.2
28.4
39.2
46.9
4.7
10.3
2.5
3.6
2.9
10.6
12.1
12.5
12.7
7.4
0.005
0.008
0.008
0.005
0.005
20.0
14.2
18.1
2.1
1.7
1.8
10.7
12.3
9.9
0.008
0.007
0.005
17.3
1.7
10.0
0.005
Los
no. ind./m3
918
1326
304
691
608
708
217
276
246
366
145
332
,.....----------------------------------
1600
--- - -
\\
0.35
1200
0.30
z
1000
0.2S
~
"
800
C>
80
~
70
...o
.
CIl
60
~
SO
~
S
:::
0.20 u
o
:
Ol
Z
8.
--
O.SO
1400
~
---
600
.,~
400
0.10
200
o
u
..
'"
:>
40
30
Ul
20
O.OS
-...,..__,~.....~....,..__,~.......,......,.--. .O
o Month.
MAMJJASON
M
A
M
J
J
K7-2 10 -2001l\.layerl.
______. :
WP-2
looplankton.-(San Anorel Station).
ASO
.N. 0
Mont.h.
(0 - 20011\. llyerl.
Sin Andre. Station.-
Z,ooplankton.-(Loa Cri&tiano. Station).
LOI er11tianos Stat10nw
_ . _ •• :
hrhce Chlorophyll.-ISan lindre. Stltion).
_ ••••••••••••• :
Surhce Chlorophyll.-(Lo. Cr1,Ulno. StaUon).
FIG. 3.-
F1G. 1.-
..;
60
1200
oe
> SO
"
1000
~
Q
z
oe
..,onu
Ol
~
E
40
800
CIl
30
Q
üi
...
...0
600
0
400
C>
200
.'"
20
u
10
z
--~ .........
"
o
MAMJJAS
N
o
Month.
M
A
------:
-.
M
o
J
Sin lIndr . . Station.
------:
San Anares Station.
LOI Cri.tiano. Station.
----;
Los Cristianos Station.
FlG. 5 .-
FIG. 4 .-
SOO
0
10
100e
1S00
,
I
2S
SO
~
~
K
WP _ 2.- (0-200m. llyerl
WP- 2.- (0 - 200m. layerl
7S
100
125
150
Jure 89.
sept.89.
17S
lOv. 89.
_._.-
: Dec. 89.
200
Fie;. 6. - VEl<TIo.L 01S'l"JJ...no; a 110 N:IlW.S I m3 • a
MESOZOOF1JIIC'lU; lIi "l1iE: lJPPER 200 BI. CE 'l1lI:
SAN ANDRES =1Cti DI 1989.
D
Montt..
80
t
8(,
,
•
SM~
,
e
,
,
70
70
60
Dece!tler.
NcMr.t:ler •
March.
50
50
50
achqlllbglv
50
SO
ach ... mg
achqokv
chqgofv
,
0
achqsgopv
f v
80
60
50
50
FIG. 2.- (XHUUTr
chqav
a chqdbtv
S'l'R.croRE
IN
SM NOQ!S
»I)
December.
Noverber.
SeptElTber •
achqgtlfuv
,
Ia;
CJUS'l'WQ;
(0 - 200 •• Layer.)
achqatgofev
achqstgofv
S'lM'ICNS.- (m.A1'IVE f'REO,JOCIES).
•
Page 12
REFERENCES:
ARISTEGUI, J~, S. HERNANDEZ LEON, M.
GOMEZ, L.
MEDINA, A.
OJEDA & S. TORRES. (1989). Influenee of the north trade
winds on the biomass and produetion of neritie plankton
around Gran Canaria island. In: Topies in Marine Biology.
Ros, J~D. (ed.). Seient. Mar. 53.
(1974)~
filtraeio~ del
BRAUN, J.G.
. Inst.
Esp.
Estudio preliminar sobre el grado. de
zooplaneton en aguas de Canarias. Bol .
Oeeanogr. N° 178.
BRAUN, J.G. (1976). Produetividad marina (relaeiones trofieas
entre
las eomunidades fito y zooplanetonicas).
Tesis
Doetoral. uriiv. La Laguna. 285 pp.
.e
BRAUN, J.G. (1980). Estudios de produeeion .en agu~s de las
Islas Canarias.
I.
Hidrografia, nutrientes y produeeion
primaria. Bol • Inst. Esp. Oeeanogr.. 285, 147-154.
BRAUN, J.G. (1981). Estudios de produeeion
Islas Canarias.
11.
Produeei6n deI
Inst. Esp. Oeeanogr. 290, 89-96.
en aguas de las
zooplaneton. Bol.
BRAUN, J~G. & F. REAL. (1984). Estudios de produeeion en la
Bahia de Antequera:
una eomparaeion eon aguas oeeanieas.
Bol. Inst. Esp. Oeeanogr. 1(2), 134-140.
BRAUN, J.G., I. ORZAIZ, J.D. de ARMAS & F.
REAL.
(1985)~
Produetividad y biomasa deI ultraplaneton, nonoplaneton y
fitoplaneton de red en,aguas de las Islas Canarias.
Bol.
Esp. Inst. Esp. Oeeanogr. 2(1), 192-204.
CARNERO, A. (1971). Estudio eomparado de las poblaeiones de
Temora stylifera (Dana) de la eosta delsahara Espafiol (Cabo
Juby) y deI Arehipielago Canario Tesina. Fae. Cien. Univ.
La Laguna.
.
•
CORRAL, J. (1970). Contribuei6n al conocimiento deI planeton de
Canarias. Tesis Doetoral. Publ. Fae. Cieneias. Madrid.
CORRAL, J. (1972a). Familia Caloealanidae (Copepoda, Calanoida)
en aguas deI Arehipielago Canario~ junio 1972. Bol. Inst~
Esp. Oeeanogr. N° 149.
CORRAL, J. (1972b). Nueva,aportaeion al eonocimiento de los
eopepodos pelagieos deI Arehipielago Canario. Bol. Inst.
Esp. Oeeanogr. N° 155.
CORRAL, J. (1973). Cielo anual de la diversidad
comunidades
superfieiales de eopepododos
Canarias. Vieraea. 3.
espeeifiea en
de las Islas
CORRAL, J. & M.F. GENICIO. (1970) •. Nota sohre el planeton de
la
eosta
noroeeidental
africaria.
Bol~
Inst.
ESp.
•
Page 13
Oceanogr.
N° 175.
CORRAL, J.
& J.A.
PEREIRO.
(1974).
Estudio
de
las
asociaciones de copepodos planctonicos en una zona de las
Islas Canarias. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. N° 175.
OE LEON, A.R.
& J.G.
(1973).
Ciclo anual de la
BRAUN.
produccion primaria Y su relacion con los nutrientes en
aguas canarias. Bol. lnst. Esp. Oceanogr. N° 167.
FERNANOEZ-BlGLER, A.
(1971). Contribucion al estudio de las
comunidades de copepodos planctonicos de invierno en el SW
de Tenerife. Tesina. Fac. Cien. Univ. La Laguna.
FERNANDEZ de PUELLES, M.L. (1986). Ciclo anual de la comunidad
de meso y microplancton;su biomasa, estructurai relaciones
troficas y .produccion en aguas de las lslas Canarias.
Tesis, Univ. de Madrid.
e.
FERNANDEZ de PUELLES, M.L.
(1987).
Evolucion
anual
microzooplancton en aguas de las lslas Canarias.
lnst. Esp. Oceanogr., 4(2), 79-91
deI
Bol.
FERNANOEZ de PUELLES, M.L. & J.G. BRAUN.
(1989). Dinamica de
las comunidades planctonicas en una zona deI Atlantico
lnst.
Esp.
Subtropical (Isla de
Tenerife).
Bol.
Oceanogr., 5(2), 87-100.
HERNANDEZ, F.
(1983).
Quetognatos de la
Univ. La Laguna.
HERNANDEZ, F.
(1985 a).
presentes en aguas
14(1-2),3-10.
•
contribucion
al
lsla de Tenerife.
estudio
de
los
Tesina, Fac. Biol.
Clave para identificar Quetognatos
deI Archipielago Canario.
Vieraea,
HERNANDEZ, F.
(1985 b).
Observations on the Chaetognaths
collected at astation to the south of the island of'El
Hierro. Bocagiana, 89, 1-10 .
HERNANDEZ, F.
(1986).
Estudio
de
los
Archipielago Canario y aguas adyacentes.
Univ. La Laguna.
Quetognatos
deI
Tesis, Fac. Biol.
HERNANDEZ, F.
(1987). Las especiesdel· grupo Serratodentata
(Chaetognatha) en aguas de las lslas Canarias. Vieraea,
17(1-2), 209-216.
HERNANDEZ, F. & G. LOZANO. (1984). Contribucion al estudio.de
los Quetognatos de la lsla de Tenerife. lnv. pesq.,48(3),
371-376.
,
HERNANDEZ-LEON, S~
(1983).
Biornasa, poblamiento y aspectos
metabolicos deI zooplancton en aguas de Canarias. Tesina.
Fac. eien. Univ. La Laguna.
-
--- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
.
Page 14
HERNANDEZ-LEON, s. (1986). Nota sobre la regeneracion de amonio
por el mesozooplancton en aguas de Canarias. Bol. Inst.
ESp. Oceanogr. 3(1).
HERNANDEZ-LEON, s. (1987). Actividad deI sistema de transporte
de electrones en el mesozooplanctondurante un maximo
primaveral en' aguas deI Archipielago Canario.
Inv.
Pesq~
'51(4), 491-499~
HERNANDEZ-LEON,' s.
(1988a).
Aigunas observaciones sobre la
abundancia y estructura deI mesozooplanctonen aguas deI
Archipielago Canario. Bol. Inst. Esp.
Oceanogr.
5(1),
109-118.
.
HERNANDEZ-LEON, s. (1988b).
Ciclo anual ·de. la biornasa deI
.mesozooplancton sobre un area de plataforma en aguas deI
Archipielago Canario. Inv. Pesq. 52(1), 3-16.
HERNANDEZ-LEON, s.
(1988c). .Cradients
of
mesozooplankton
biomass and ETS activity in thewind~shear area as.evidence
of an island mass effect in the Canary Island Waters.
J.
Plankton Res., 10. N° 6, 1141-1154~
HERNANDEZ-LEON, s. & D. MIRANDA-RODAL. (1987). Actividad deI
sistema
de
transporte
de .electrones y biomasa deI
mesozooplancton en aguas de las Islas Canarias. Bol. Inst.
ESp. Oceanogr. 4(2), 49-62.
HERNANDEZ-LEON, 5., O. LLINAS & J.G.
BRAUN.
(1984).
Nota
sobre la variacion de la biomasa deI mesozooplancton en
aguas de Canarias. Inves. Pesq. 48(3), 495-508.
HOPKINS, T.L.
in
>
the
(1982).
eastern
N°9A, 1069-1083.
The vertical distribution of, .zooplankton
Gulf of Mexico. Deep-sea Research. 29,
HORWOOD, J.W. & R;M~ DRIVER. (1976). A note on a theorical
subsampling distribution of macroplankton. J~ Cons. Int.
Explor. Mer. 36, 274-276.
,
LE BORGNE, R.
(1977). Etude de la production pelagique de la
zone equatoriale de l' Atlantique a 4° W. 11. Biomasses et
peuplements du' zooplancton;
Cah.
O.R.S.T.O.M.
sero
Oceanogr. XV, N° 4, 333-348.
LOVEGROVE, T. (1966). The determination of the dry weight if
plankton and the effect of various factors on the values
obtained.
In:
Some comtemporary
studies
in
Marine
Sciences. Harold Barnes Ed., 429-467. George Allen & Unwin
Ltd.
, London;
MINGORANCE, M.C. (1983).
Introduccion al estudio deI ciclo
anual deI zooplancton de la Isla de Tenerife, con especial
atencion al grupo de los Cladoceros. Tesina.
Fac.
Cien~
Univ. La Laguna.
Page 15
SANTAMARIA, M.T. (1984). Estudio comparativo de las comunidades
zooplanctonicas en San Andres y Los Cristianos (Tenerife).
Tesina, Fac. Biol. Univ. La Laguna.
SANTAMARIA, T.G., J.G. BRAUN, J.D. DE ARMAS, F.
REAL, J.E.
ESCANEZ Y J.E. VILLAMANDOS. (1989). Estudio comparativo
de las comunidades zooplanctonicas en San Andres y Los
Cristianos (Tenerife). Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 5(2),
57-79.
UNESCO.
(1968).
Zooplankton
Meth. 2, 174 pp.
Sampling.
Monogr.
Oceanogr.