Crocodylus acutus, American Crocodile

Transcripción

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T5659A3043244
Crocodylus acutus, American Crocodile
Assessment by: Ponce-Campos, P., Thorbjarnarson, J. & Velasco, A. (IUCN SSC
Crocodile Specialist Group)
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Ponce-Campos, P., Thorbjarnarson, J. & Velasco, A. (IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group).
2012. Crocodylus acutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T5659A3043244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T5659A3043244.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Crocodylia
Crocodylidae
Taxon Name: Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807)
Synonym(s):
• Crocodilus acutus
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
American Crocodile
Crocodile Americain, Crocodile d'Amérique
Caiman, Caiman de costa, Caiman aguja, Cocodrilo Americano, Cocodrilo de Río, Lagarto
Amarillo, Lagarto Real
Taxonomic Notes:
This species is hybridizing with Crocodylus moreletii in Belize (Ray et al. 2004) and the Yucatan of Mexico
(Cedeno-Vasquez et al. 2008, Rodriguez et al. 2008) and with Crocodylus rhombifer in Cuba (R. Soberon,
R. Ramos pers comm.) a factor that has not yet been factored in to conservation efforts.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Vulnerable A2cd ver 3.1
Year Published:
2012
Date Assessed:
June 30, 2009
Justification:
Crocodylus acutus has undergone severe declines due to overexploitation and habitat loss. There are
conservation measures in most regions and established captive breeding programmes, however, habitat
loss and illegal hunting remain ongoing threats. For these reasons, C. acutus has been assessed as
Vulnerable. A population decline of 30% has been inferred over the last three generations (75 years)
because of habitat quality decline and exploitation. Continued monitoring and conservation actions are
required for this species.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
1996 – Vulnerable (VU)
1994 – Vulnerable (V)
1990 – Endangered (E)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Crocodylus acutus – published in 2012.
1
Geographic Range
Range Description:
The American Crocodile is the most widely distributed of the New World crocodiles, distributed in the
Atlantic from the southern tip of Florida and the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola to
the Yucatan of Mexico and south to Colombia and Venezuela. An isolated subpopulation is found in the
Rio Grijalva basin in Mexico. Along the Pacific coast it is found from Northern Sinaloa in Mexico to the
limits of mangrove coastal habitats in northern Peru. This species is found up to 1,200 m above sea
level.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Haiti;
Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; United States (Florida); Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of
2
Distribution Map
3
Population
Overexploitation from the 1930s to the 1960s led to a severe decline in the abundance of this species. In
the USA, the population is recovering and now inhabits most of their remaining habitat in southern
Florida over a larger area than in 1978 when it was protected (Mazzotti et al. 2007). In the other
countries in its range, protection has resulted in some recovery, but overall numbers are still depleted in
some countries such as Colombia and Ecuador, but substantial recovery has taken place in other areas
including Cuba, Costa, Mexico and Venezuela (Thorbjarnarson et al. 2006).
Current Population Trend: Increasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
This species mainly occurs in coastal habitats such as lagoons, mangrove swamps and other brackish
water, however, it can also inhabit freshwater and landlocked reservoirs. Eggs are laid in nests on
elevated beach ridges, preferably bordered by brackish lagoons to serve as hatchling habitat (Platt and
Thorbjarnarson 2000).
Crocodylus acutus is a hole-nesting species, but is adaptable in terms of nesting ecology, in some areas
creating elevated mounds of substrate into which eggs are deposited (Thorbjarnarson 1989). Clutch size
is typically 30 to 60 eggs, although in some populations mean clutch size is in the low 20s (Platt and
Thorbjarnarson 2000). As with most hole nesting species, C. acutus nests during the annual dry season,
with eggs hatching around the beginning of the annual rainy period (Thorbjarnarson 1989, CasasAndreu 2003). The American Crocodile is adept at using man-made areas for nesting, and this is one of
the reasons behind its population recovery in parts of its range (Mazzotti et al. 2007).
Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Marine
Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information)
Captive breeding farms are registered by CITES in Cuba, Honduras and Colombia and 200-650 skins/year
legally entered trade between 2003 and 2005 from these farms. Illegal hunting of this species still occurs
for its hides.
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
This species was hunted and overexploited for its hides in the 1930s until it was protected in the 1970s,
however, illegal hunting still occurs. It is also threatened by habitat degradation from coastal
development, including destruction of nesting grounds and the destruction of mangrove swamps for
shrimp aquaculture. In the Dominican Republic, overharvesting of fish has contributed to the declines of
this species (Ross 1998). When young, individuals of this species may also be predated by birds,
raccoons, coati, dogs, and by adult crocodiles (i.e., cannibalism).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
A review of the status and distribution of C. acutus throughout its range was carried out relatively
recently (Thorbjarnarson et al. 2006), and found the species to be recovering in most parts of its
historic range. There were a few areas where population recovery appears to be limited (e.g.,
Colombia), or non-existent (e.g., Ecuador), but populations of C. acutus in areas such as Cuba, the US
4
and Costa Rica appear to be very healthy.
There are management measures in place in all countries where this species occurs, with the exception
of El Salvador and Haiti. However, enforcement of protection is lacking and urgently needed, since illegal
hunting remains a threat (Ross 1998). There are protected areas and sanctuaries for this species as well
as captive breeding programmes and a few commercial farming operations are established. It is listed on
Appendix I of CITES. Further research into the population, habitat requirements, and threats to this
species should be carried out, and population monitoring is recommended.
Credits
Assessor(s):
Ponce-Campos, P., Thorbjarnarson, J. & Velasco, A. (IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist
Group)
Reviewer(s):
Bohm, M., Collen, B., Ram, M., Ross, J.P., Dacey, T. & Webb, G.J.W.
Contributor(s):
De Silva, R., Milligan, HT, Wearn, O.R., Wren, S., Zamin, T., Sears, J., Wilson, P.,
Lewis, S., Lintott, P. & Powney, G.
5
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Citation
Ponce-Campos, P., Thorbjarnarson, J. & Velasco, A. (IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group). 2012.
Crocodylus acutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T5659A3043244.
Disclaimer
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External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
10
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above
High Tide Level
-
Suitable
-
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.10. Marine Neritic - Estuaries
-
Suitable
-
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or
Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc
-
Suitable
-
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.7. Marine Intertidal - Mangrove Submerged
Roots
-
Suitable
-
13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.4. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal
Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
-
Suitable
-
Use and Trade
End Use
Local
National
International
Wearing apparel, accessories
No
Yes
Yes
Establishing ex-situ production *
No
No
No
Threats
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
Ongoing
Unknown
Commercial & industrial areas
Tourism & recreation areas
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.4. Marine &
freshwater aquaculture -> 2.4.3. Scale
Unknown/Unrecorded
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
11
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
Stresses:
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Unknown
Unknown
Conservation Actions in Place
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
In-Place Species Management
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
In-Place Education
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level
Research Needed
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
12
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Lower elevation limit (m): 0
Upper elevation limit (m): 1200
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
Habitats and Ecology
Generation Length (years): 25
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The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

Crocodylus acutus, American Crocodile

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