II, 2008

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
Faculty of Humanities
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi
Issues of Linguistics
II, 2008
ISSN 1512-0473
saredaqcio sabWo:
el. babunaSvili, v. boederi, i. giperti,
j. giunaSvili,
d. TvalTvaZe, g. kartozia, b. utie, h. fenrixi, mz. SaniZe,
k. h. Smidti, z. WumburiZe, a. harisi
EDITORIAL COUNCIL:
E. Babunashvili, W. Boeder, Z. Chumburidze, H. Fähnrich, I. Gippert,
J. Giunashvili, A. Harris, G. Kartozia, B. Outtier, M. Shanidze,
K. H. Schmidt, D. Tvaltvadze
saredaqcio kolegia:
r. asaTiani, T. bolqvaZe, T. gamyreliZe (mTavari redaqtori),
T. gvancelaZe, r. enuqiZe, iv. leJava (pasuxismgebeli mdivani),
d. meliqiSvili, ir. meliqiSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile),
eT. soselia, i. qobalava, n. quTelia, m. qurdiani, m. jiqia
EDITORIAL BOARD:
R. Asatiani, T. Bolkvadze, R. Enukidze, Th. V. Gamkrelidze (Editor-in-Chief),
T. Gvanceladze, M. Jikia, I. Kobalava, M. Kurdiani, N. Kutelia, I. Lezhava
(Executive Secretary), D. Melikishvili, I. Melikishvili (Deputy Editor-in-Chief),
E. Soselia
Jurnali daarsebulia 1999 wels Tamaz gamyreliZisa da
zurab sarjvelaZis mier
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2008
kreebuli eZRvneba
e
ba guramm ramiSSvilis
dabad
adebis 75-e
7
wl
lisTavss
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
ena da kultura/enis Teoria
konstantine bregaZe
novalisis fragmenti ``monologi~
germaneli romantikosi poetisa da filosofosis novalisis
(fridrix fon
hardenbergi 1772-1801) es originaluri fragmenti
(rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsiis mxriv), romelic daaxloebiT 1798
welsaa Seqmnili,
da
romelsac
italieli
humboldtologi
d. di Cezare romantizmis enis filosofiis manifests uwodebs (Di
Cesare 1995, 149), faqtobrivad, warmoadgens novalisis enis filosofiis
summas, sadac novalisis mier kidev erTxel warmoCenilia enis
energeistuli arsi. am patara fragmentSi `SekumSuli~ saxiT, in nuce
gadmocemulia
enis
filosofiis
sakvanZo
problematika
da
am
problematikis novalisiseuli xedva, razec igi manamde sxvadasxva
filosofiur
fragmentebSi
msjelobs
(mag.
`fixte-Studiebi~,
`logologiuri fragmentebi~, `zogadi Canawerebi~, `fragmentebi da
Studiebi~,
`Sereuli fragmentebi~ da sxv.). kerZod, novalisis
`monologi~ impliciturad moicavs enis filosofiis Semdeg sakvanZo
sakiTxebs: enis ontologiuri arsis gansazRvra, enisa da azrovnebis
urTierTmimarTebis problema, adamianis, rogorc enobrivi arsebis
sakiTxi, triadis _ adamiani-ena-sinamdvile _ problema.
sainteresoa, rom am fragments jer kidev m. haidegerma miaqcia
yuradReba statiaSi `gza enisaken~ _ "Der Weg zur Sprache" (Heidegger
1986, 241-268). Tavisi statiis dasawyisSive, sadac haidegeri enis ontologiuri arsis, da, aqedan gamomdinare, zogadad yofierebis pirvelsawyisisa da pirvelarsis sakiTxs ayenebs da Semdgom maTs gansazRvras
cdilobs, filosofoss swored novalisis `monologidan~ mohyavs
citata da mTeli misi Semdgomi msjeloba enis ontologiur arsze
swored am citataSi mocemul debulebazea agebuli.
`monologSi~ novalisi enis arsis amgvar originalur daxasiaTebas
gvTavazobs:
`WeSmariti saubari wmindawylis sityvaTTamaSia. pirdapir gasaocaria
erTi salaRobo cdomileba, roca adamianebs hgoniaT, rom TiTqos isini
sagnebis gamo saubroben. enis swored is Tavisebureba, rom igi Tavis
Tavze TviTon zrunavs, aravin uwyis. amitomac aris ena ase gasaocari da
noyieri saidumlo, _ rameTu is, vinc saubrobs mxolod imitom, rom
5
isaubros, swored is warmoTqvams diad da originalur WeSmaritebebs.
magram Tu vinme raRac gansazRvrulze moindomebs saubars, maSin celqi
ena mas sasacilo da abdaubda rames aTqmevinebs~ (Novalis 1981, 672).
`monologis~ dasawyisSive novalisi cdilobs gamoyos enis
WeSmariti maxasiaTeblebi da Camoacilos mas enisaTvis ganmanaTleblobis
mier dadgenili da reglamentirebuli sakomunikacio, sagnis aRmniSvneli
da azris gamomxatveli meoradi funqciebi1,
rasac novalisi
`monologSi~ `sagnebis gamo~ ("um der Dinge willen") saubarsa da `raime
gansazRvrulze saubars uwodebs~ ("von etwas Bestimmten sprechen"). zemoT
moxmobil enis daxasiaTebaSi mocemulia enis pirveladi, ufro maRali
funqcia, kerZod, cnobierebis agebaSi enis monawileoba, rasac novalisi
metaforulad enis mier `Tavis Tavze zrunvas~ ("um sich selbst
bekümmert") uwodebs. aqedan gamomdinare, novalisisaTvis ena aris ara
mxolod raime `gansazRvrulze saubari~, rodesac xdeba enis rogorc
niSanTa sistemis gamoyeneba saganTa markirebisa da sakomunikacio aqtis
ganxorcielebisaTvis, aramed ena upirveles yovlisa aris `Tavis
Tavze
zrunva~,
anu
subieqtis nebelobisadmi ar daqvemdebareba, rac qmnis
swored subieqtis cnobierebaSi saganTa warmoqnis winapirobas, anu
humboldtis enaze rom vTqvaT, xdeba enis mier `samyaros gardaqmna gonis
sakuTrebad~ ("Umschaffen der Welt in das Eigentum des Geistes"). swored am
`Tavis Tavze zrunvaSi~ ikveTeba enis energeistuli buneba, rac
novalisis Tanaxmad upirvelesyovlisa vlindeba `saubarSi~ ("Gespräch").
ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubari ar gulisxmobs Cveulebriv
sakomunikacio aqts, rodesac enas eniWeba informaciis gamtaris funqcia,
aramed novalisisaTvis WeSmariti saubari es igive `sityvaTTamaSia~
("Wortspiel"), romelSic aisaxeba swored Tavad `saganTa gasaocari
urTierTTamaSi~ ("spiegelt sich […] das seltsame Verhältnisspiel der Dinge"). aq
novalisis mier metaforulad miniSnebulia swored enis warmomqmnel
funqciaze, anu aq ena moazrebulia rogorc warmoqmna ("Erzeugung"),
("Erzeugtes"). amitomacaa, rom ena rogorc saubari, anu sityvaTTamaSi
Tavisi arsiT Tavisufalia ("frei"), riTac `monologSi~ miniSnebulia, rom
ena sinamdvilis sagnebis an saazrovno nakadebis mxolod bgeriTi asaxva,
an gamoxatva ki ar aris, da aqedan gamomdinare, enis arseboba sagnebsa an
1
i. kantmac Tavis `anTropologiaSi~ enis cnebis ganmanaTlebluri definicia
gaiziara: `saerTod, yvela saxis ena azris aRniSvnaa. azris aRniSvnis saSualebaTagan yvelaze saukeTeso ki azris enis saSualebiT, gagebinebis am brwyinvale
saSualebiT, aRniSvnaa~ (Kant 2000, 93). amgvarad, kantTanac enis mTavari funqciebi
dayvanilia aRmniSvnel da sakomunikacio funqciebze.
6
azrovnebaze ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed ena swored Tavisi
`Tavisufali sityvaTTamaSiTa da moZraobebiT~ ("in ihren freien
Bewegungen") Tavad aris subieqtis cnobierebaSi sagnebisa da saazrovno
erTeulebis warmoqmnis winapiroba. am SemTxvevaSi novalisiseuli saubari
unda gaviazroT rogorc eniT gansazRvruli saazrovno procesi,
romelic `mdumare mdgomareobaSic mimdinareobs~ (v. fon humboldti).
amgvarad, novalisis `monologSi~ intencionalizebulia Teza, rom ena
rogorc warmoqmna (energeia energeia), ena rogorc energeistuli
fenomeni upirveles yovlisa vlindeba saubarSi, xolo `monologSi~
saubari gulisxmobs swored saazrovno nakadebis danawevrebasa da
Semecnebis procesis agebas (novalisis terminologiiT "Zerlegen" da
"Bildungtrieb").
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rom v. fon humboldti Tavis pirvel
enis filosofiur TxzulebaSi `azrovneba da metyveleba~ _ "Denken und
Sprechen" (Humboldt 2000, 5-7), romelic aseve fragments warmoadgens, da
romelic, daaxloebiT, imave periodSi Seiqmna rogorc novalisis
`monologi~, enis energeistuli bunebis gadmosacemad iyenebs sityvas
metyveleba (Sprechen), rac Sinaarsobrivad uaxlovdeba novalisiseul
saubars (Gespräch). humboldts, ra Tqma unda, SeeZlo saTaurSive
gamoetana sityva ena (Sprache), magram igi Segnebulad iyenebs sityvas
metyveleba (Sprechen), riTac mis mier miniSnebulia enis energeistul
bunebaze: am SemTxvevaSi
humboldtTanac metyveleba gulisxmobs ara
marto sakomunikacio aqts, aramed pirvel rigSi saazrovno nakadebis
danawevrebis aqtsac, anu aq ena rogorc metyveleba vlindeba azrovnebis
SesaZleblobis winapirobad.
novalisis mier `monologSi~ enis rogorc saubaris, xolo
saubaris rogorc sityvaTTamaSis gageba Tavis TavSi moicavs enisa da
azrovnebis urTierTmimarTebisa da triadis SigniT (adamiani-enasinamdvile) enis funqciis gansazRvris sakiTxs, rac, Tavis mxriv,
ukavSirdeba adamianis rogorc enobrivi arsebis sakiTxs.
`monologSi~ adamiani warmoCenilia swored rogorc enobrivi
arseba: novalisis Tanaxmad ena adamianis arss srulad moicavs, igi ar
egzistirebs adamianis arsis miRma da piruku. ena da adamiani qmnian
dialeqtikur mTlianobas da urTierTgamomdinareoben1. am TvalsazrisiT
novalisi `monologSi~ svams kiTxvas:
1
msgavs Tvalsazriss aviTarebs m. haidegeri: `Tavad Cven Tqmadobas (Sage)
mivekuTvnebiT~ ("wir […] selbst in die Sage gehören") (Heidegger 1986, 265). anu amiT
miniSnebulia, rom adamianis yofiereba, misi cnobiereba eniTaa moculi, rom
7
`magram, Tuki davuSvebT imas, rom me Cemdauneburad mainc raime
unda vTqva da Tqmisadmi Cemi es enobrivi moTxovnileba CemSi enis intuitiuri moqmedebis niSania?~ (Novalis 1981, 672). amgvarad, novalisis
Tanaxmad,
adamianis
arsSi
Cadebulia
enobrivi
moTxovnileba
("Sprachtrieb"), anu enobrivi unari ("Sprachvermögen"), sametyvelo unari.
Sesabamisad, adamianis enobrivi arsidan gamomdinare, mis mier warmoebuli
saazrovno procesi (refleqsia) enobrivad determinirebuli procesia da
igi mxolod enobrivad Tu iqneba ganpirobebuli. swored am garemoebaze
miuTiTebs novalisi sxva fragmentSi:
`erTmaneTze mimarTuli da erTdroulad warmarTuli metyveleba da
azrovneba (qmediTi Wvreta) axdens saswauls _ warmoqmnis substancias
(cecxls), romelic metyvelebasa da azrovnebas harmoniulad warmarTavs
da maT Soris harmonias afuZnebs~ (Novalis 1983, 443). es `substancia~,
anu metaforulad `cecxli~, ki aris enobrivad determinirebuli
refleqsiis procesis Sedegad sinamdvilis saganTmimarTebebze subieqtis
cnobierebaSi warmoqmnili warmodgena (Vorstellung). aqedan gamomdinare,
novalisis Tanaxmad, ena warmoCndeba im sulier Zalad, romelic
sinamdvilesa da adamians Sorisaa `Casmuli~, romlis safuZvelzec
subieqti axdens sinamdvilisagan distancirebas, moiazrebs Tavis Tavs
rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise sinamdvilis mimarT da romlis safuZvelze
subieqti sinamdvilis saganTmimarTebebs afuZnebs cnobierebaSi.1
literatura
Di Cesare 1995 – Di Cesare, Donatella: Anmerkungen zu Novalis’ “Monolog” (S.
149-168), in: Athenäum, Jahrbuch für Romantik 5, Padeborn.
Heidegger 1986 – Heidegger, Martin: Unterwegs zur Sprache, 8 Aufl., Neske,
Pfulingen.
Humboldt 2000 – Humboldt, Wilhelm von: Schriften zur Sprache; hrsg. von
Michael Bohler, Reclam, Stuttgart.
adamiani enobrivi arsebaa: `Cven upirveles yovlisa enaSi da enasTan varT~ ("So
sind wir denn allem zuvor in der Sprache und bei der Sprache" (Heidegger, 1986, 241).
1
enisa da azrovnebis sinTezze novalisi aseve sxva fragmentSic mianiSnebs: `yovel qmedebas (aq novalisi pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs azrovnebas, refleqsiis
process - k. b.) Tan axlavs sityvebi, anda mas SeiZleba Tan axldes sityvebi,
iseve rogorc warmodgenas `me~-s Sesaxeb ("Alle Tätigkeiten werden von Worten, oder
können von Worten begleitet werden - wie alle Vorstellungen vom Ich") (Novalis 1983,
345).
8
Kant 2000 – Kant, Immanuel: Anthropologie in Pragmatischer Hinsicht; hrsg. von
Reinhardt Brandt, Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg.
Novalis 1981 – Novalis: Schriften. Die Werke Friedrich von Hardenbergs; hrsg.
von Paul Klukhohn und Richard Samuel, 3. Aufl., Stuttgart, Bd II.
Novalis 1983 – Novalis: Schriften, Bd III.
Konstantine Bregadze
Novalis’ Fragment "The Monologue"
Summary
This original fragment of the German Romantic poet and philosopher
Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772-1801), composed in approximately 1798
and called by the Italian Humboltologist D. di Cesare the manifesto of language
philosophy of Romanticism, sums up Novalis’ perception of language philosophy,
once again revealing the energeistic nature of language. This small fragment
renders in nuce the key points of language philosophy and Novalis’ interpretation
of these points, which he had previously offered in various philosophical fragments
(e.g. "Fichte-Studien", "Logologische Fragmente", "Das Allgemeine Bruillon",
"Fragmente und Studien", "Vermischte Fragmente", etc.). In particular, Novalis’
"Monologue" implicitly covers the following issues of language philosophy:
ontology of language, interrelationship between language and intellect, human as a
language being, the triad – human-language-reality.
9
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
levan dalaqiSvili
ena _ filosofiuri kvlevis sagani
dasavlur kulturul-istoriul arealSi enis raobiT ukve
platoni interesdeba. dialog `kratilosSi~ igi dasvams sityvisa da
misiT aRniSnuli sagnis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs, roca ikiTxavs:
gamoxatavs da avlens sityva misi aRsaniSni sagnis arsebas Tu kavSiri
maTs Soris pirobiTia, konvencionaluria; sityvas ar evaleba misiT
aRniSnuli sagnis arsebis gagebisken ubiZgebdes gonebas?
A platoni dialogis dasawyisSi pirveli daSvebis sasargeblo argumentebs eZebs; cdilobs daasabuTos, rom saxeli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
sagans
`mikruli~ bgeraTkompleqsi ki ara, sagnis bunebisadmi
Taviseburad Sesabami ram aris. am azriT laparakobs igi `saxelTa
sisworeze~ da Tvlis, rom es movlena erTnairad axasiaTebs rogorc
berZnul, ise barbarosTa enebsac (platoni 1953, 383)∗. cota ufro
detalurad ganvixiloT, rogor Sesabamisobazea aq laparaki, ras niSnavs
`saxelTa siswore.~
zogadad rom iTqvas, aq igulisxmeba saxelis saganTan raime wesiT
dakavSireba ise, rom saxeli rogorc bgeraTmimdevroba oden xmasaviT ar
miebmodes sagans. ase, magaliTad: mefis saxeli raimenairad unda
gulisxmobdes meufebisTvis niSandobliv rasme. aseTad dialogSi
miCneulia saxeli heqtori, radgan ’êôùñ `mpyrobels~ niSnavs, pyroba ki
mefobis Sesaferia (platoni 1953, 393). radgan heqtorSi mefuri
Tvisebaa Cadebuli (mpyrobloba), mefis heqtorad wodeba gamarTlebulia.
aseTia saxelTa sisworis erTi saxe Tu tipi.
sxva wesiT ukavSirdeba â grafemis saxeli `beta~ bgeras, romelsac
grafikuli niSani â gadmoscems: aq saxelSi aRsaniSni bgera xmianobs _ b;
da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu saxels raime bgera miemateba an moakldeba;
mTavaria man sagnis buneba gadmosces. Û, ô, á-s mimateba ar uSlis xels
saxel `beta~-s b bgeris bunebis gamoxatvaSi, radgan bgera b daculia,
Senaxulia saxelSi. aseTia saxelisa da sagnis kavSiris `mowesrigebis~
tipi amjerad. platonis TqmiT: mTavaria xeluxlebi darCes sagnis arseba
saxelSi gamoxatuli (platoni 1953, 393).
`kratilosSi~ saxelTa sxva tipis sisworesac ganixilavs platoni.
igi Tvlis, rom `è¦ bgera yovelnairi moZraobis gamomxatveli saSualebaa
∗
gverdi, aq da yvelgan qvemoT, miTiTebulia saerTaSoriso paginaciiT.
10
(ÒèÙ×äoä) da saxelmdebic mravaljer xmarobs mas am mizniT. magaliTad:
sityvebSi `èåßä (dineba) da `èo» (mimdinare) igi axdens siswrafis
imitacias am bgeris meSveobiT (platoni 1953, 426). gamodis, rom `è¦
bgera moZraobis gamosaxatad vargisi Taviseburebis gamo sxva bgerebze
metad gamosadegi yofila im zmnaTa bgeriT SemadgenlobaSi, romlebic
intensiur moZraobas
aRniSnaven. `kratilosSi~ amgvaradvea daxasiaTebuli da klasificirebuli berZnuli anbanis sxva bgerebic. am daxasiaTebebs aq ar Sevexebi, vityvi mxolod, rom mtkicebaTa erTi rigis
mixedviT, `kratilosSi~ gatarebulia azri: saxelebi saganTa arsebas
gamoxataven.
magram imave dialogSi platoni sapirispiro Tvalsazrissac sinjavs
da arsebobis safuZvels uZebnis mas, roca ase alaparakebs sokrates: Tu
saxelebi saganTa arsebas gvamcnoben, pirvel saxelmdebs TviT es sagnebi
unda scodnoda imisTvis, raTa marTebulad daerqmia maTTvis saxelebi.
magram romeli saxelebis mixedviT
Seiswavla da gamoikvlia man es
sagnebi, Tu saxeli jer arafers erqva? amitom saeWvoa siswore im
azrisa, romlis mixedviTac sagnis Seswavla mxolod misi saxelis
SecnobiT aris SesaZlebeli.
platoni daaskvnis: `Tu yovelive es sworia, Cans, sagnebi SeiZleba
Seswavlil iqnen saxelTa gareSe~ (platoni 1953, 438). `kratilosis~
Semajamebel nawilSi naTqvamia: saxeli sagans SeTanxmebis safuZvelzec
SeiZleba daukavSirdes da msgavsebis gamoc. es imas niSnavs, rom
dialogSi Tanabaruflebianadaa miCneuli saxeldebis konvenciurobisa da
`mimsgavsebiTi~ anu `saxelTa sisworis~ Teoriebi; oRond es aris:
platoni erTgan aTqmevinebs sokrates: mirCevnia, saxelebi rac SeiZleba
metad hgvandnen sagnebs, magram Zalian rom ar mivendoT msgavsebis
macdur princips, gviwevs am dasanani xerxiTac (anu konvenciuriT –
l. d.) sargeblobao (platoni 1953, 435).
dialog `kratilosis~ analizidan ise Cans, rom platoni masSi or
urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazriss TanabarmarTebulad Tvlis, rac
azrovnebis Cveuli wesis mixedviT, misi `lingvisturi Teoriis~ naklad
CaiTvleba. amave wesiT, dialogis naklad unda CaiTvalos xumrobani,
romelTac platoni uxvad CaurTavs masSi. erTgan sokrate ase eubneba
Tanamosaubres: `rTul kiTxvebs misvam, hiponikes Zev. am RmerTebis
saxelebi seriozuladac SeiZleba ikvlio da gasarTobadac. Tu seriozuli kvleva gainteresebs, sxvebs daekiTxe, xolo saxumaro pasuxs mec
gagcem, radgan xumrobis moyvareni arian Tavad RmerTebic~ (platoni
1953, 406).
11
RmerTebisas verafers vityvi, magram platonis rangis moazrovneni
xumrobiT naTqvamSic bevrs gveubnebian iseTs, rac fiqris Zlier
impulsebs iZleva da siaxlis aRmoCenisken gvibiZgebs. sityva Ïã×Þ¡×-s
namdvilad araseriozulad misaReb analizSi platoni wers: » ãšä Ùÿè êoý
¤ã× ÞÛ¦ „¢äêoò çoèÛ¡× ìסäÛê×ß » Ïã×Þ¡×... (platoni 1953, 437); rac ase
iTargmneba: `es, TiTqos, RmerTis gverdiT moarulis winsvlasa hgavs~.
anu Ïã×Þ¡× aris: "êoý ÿã× ÞÛ¦ ߢäêoò çoèÛ¡×."
Ïã×Þ¡×-s amgvarad `wakiTxvis~ fantastikuroba savsebiT cxadia;
Ïã×Þ¡× ucodinrobas, gaunaTleblobas niSnavs. platoni aq ironianarev
xumrobas gvTavazobs, lamazs, daxvewils, rogorc sCvevia. magram ase
gaxumrebis saSualebas mas "Ïã×Þ¡× "-s bgeriTi qsovili, misi erTgvari
daSladoba aZlevs _ `hama Teo...~ _ rac berZnulis Taviseburebaa da sxva
enebSi ar meordeba: uvicoba germanulad da inglisurad, magaliTad _
Unwissenheit da ignorance _ berZnulis msgavsad arc JRers da arc
daiSleba. platoni berZnulis SesaZleblobaTa farglebSi moqmedebs,
akeTebs imas, ris gasaqansac es ena aZlevs. TviTon misi individualuri
wvlili am saqmeSi is aris, rom enis SesaZleblobebs ufro Rrmad
xedavs, vidre vinme sxva.
ena goniTi Semoqmedebis gasaqans Semowers. platoni SesaniSnavad
grZnobs amas, Tumca `kratilosSi~ sagangebod amis Sesaxeb arafers
ambobs. rogorc genialuri SemoqmedisaTvis, misTvis berZnulis bgeriTi
faqtura, sintaqsur-semantikuri arsenali pragmatulad umniSvnelovanesi,
Seucvleli monacemia. platoni cxovrobs berZnul enaSi, rogorc am
monacemTa erTobliobaSi. Tavisi dialogebis Sinaarss is berZnulad da
berZnulidan `qsovs.~ misTvis savsebiT cxadia sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi
yofis urRvevi kavSiri berZnulTan. platonis nawerebSi Semxvedria
amgvari metyveli fraza: `helen men esti kai heleniZei~ _ `is xom
berZenia da berZnulad laparakobs~. `heleniZei~ mesame piris formaa
`heleniZein~ infinitividan, rac qarTulad `berZnulad laparakad~
iTargmneba, magram `heleniZeis~ monoleqsemuri lakonizmi ufro
energiulad aCens `berZnul metyvelebas~, rogorc yofnis unikalur
saxeTagans.
erTgvari xedviT _ romelsac lingvistikaSi obieqtis pragmatul
aspeqtSi ganxilva hqvia _ ena Cveni sulieri cxovrebis Taviseburi
masala, gasaqani da iaraRia da platonma SesaniSnavad icis es. dasavlur
kulturul sivrceze antikuri saberZneTis didi xnis `ukve aRar
arsebobis~ Semdeg, enis fenomenis Rrmad anTropologiur bunebas
akvirdeba da naTlad xedavs vilhelm fon humboldti. misi enaTmecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegia daskvna: `ena Sinagani yofis organo da TviT es
12
yofaa~ (humboldti 1984, 47). humboldtsve ekuTvnis araCveulebriv
mdidar lingvistur codnas damyarebuli aseTi debulebani enis arsebis
Sesaxeb:
Tavisi
JReradobis
keTilxmovnebiT
ena
harmoniulad,
damamSvideblad da amamaRleblad moqmedebs grZnobasa da azrovnebaze.
enis WeSmarit Rirsebas Seadgens sxvadasxva gziT gansakuTrebuli
mimarTuleba da ganwyoba SesZinos azrovnebas da grZnobebs; es unari
gansazRvravs mis zemoqmedebas goniTs ganviTarebaze (humboldti 1984,
58). `adamiani... ise cxovrobs sagnebTan, rogorc maT ena moitans
masTan...…yoveli ena masze molaparake xalxis irgvliv Semowers wres,
romlidanac adamians mxolod imdenad ZaluZs gamosvla, ramdenadac
maSinve sxva enis wreSi Seabijebs~ (humboldti 1984, 80).
humboldtis mier lingvisturad safuZvelgamagrebul enis amgvar
xedvas meoce saukunis germanuli filosofia erTgulobs, romlis
uTvalsaCinoesi warmomadgenlebi arian hans georg gadameri da martin
haidegeri. is, Tu rogor afasebs gadameri enis mniSvnelobas filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi, misi Semdegi gamonaTqvamebidan irkveva:
`berZenTa Tanadrouloba Cveni saukunisadmi, upirveles yovlisa, imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom sityva da cneba maTTan jerac urTierTSi gadaedineba~...
berZnebTan gvaqvs: `azrovnebis siaxlove samyaros enobrivi cdis
mTlianobasTan~. gadameris azriT, ena da cneba imdenad mWidrodaa gadanaskvuli erTmaneTs, rom daSveba, TiTqos cnebebi SesaZlebelia
`movixmaroT,~ an gancxadeba: `me am sagans ase da amgvarad varqmev
saxels~ filosofosobis TviT qsovilis rRvevis tolfasia (gadameri 1991, 25). yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze gadameri aseT sagulisxmo
mosazrebas gamoTqvams: `ena sul
ufro metad inacvlebs Tanamedrove
filosofiis centrSi~ (gadameri 1991, 26).
aranakleb radikaluria filosofiis enasTan Sewnulobis mtkicebisas
martin haidegeri, rasac misi Semdegi gamonaTqvami mowmobs:
"...gleichwohl ist es am Ende das Geschäft der Philosophie, die Kraft
der elementarsten Worte, in denen sich das Dasein ausspricht, davor zu
bewahren, daß sie durch den gemeinen Verstand zur Unverständlichkeit
nivelliert werden, die ihrerseits als Quelle für Scheinprobleme fungiert" (haidegeri 1927, 220). haidegeri aq Semdegs ambobs: `... Tumca sabolood
filosofiis saqmea, Zala uelementarulesi sityvebisa, romlebSic
munyofiereba Tavs gamoTqvams, daicvas Cveulebrivi gansjis mier
gaugebarze dayvaniT nivelirebisagan, rac Tavis mxriv, moCvenebiT
problemaTa warmoSobis saTavea~.
mniSvnelovania enis problema sicocxlis filosofiisa da fenomenologiisTvisac. fridrix nicSe wers: `yvela indur, berZnul, germanul
filosofiaTa saocari ojaxuri urTierTmsgavseba sakmaod advilad
13
asaxsnelia. sadac enaTa naTesaoba gvaqvs, iq ver gaveqceviT imas, rom
gramatikis filosofiis saerToobis gamo _ imis gamo rom, rogorc me
gamegeba, aracnobier vemorCilebiT erTnair gramatikul funqciebs _
filosofiuri sistemebi imTaviTve ar iyon ganwirulni erTgvarovani
ganviTarebisaTvis; ar gadiodnen msgavs rigebs: TiTqos gza sxva SesaZlo
msoflxedvaTaken moWrili iyos. uralur-alTauri lingvisturi jgufis
filosofosebi (romelTac `subieqtis~ cneba sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli)
sxvagvarad aRiqvamen `samyaros~ da sxva bilikebze Semogvxvdebian, vidre
indoevropelni an muslimni~... (nicSe 1903, 31-32).
Eedmund huserlis nawerebSic moiZebneba problemebi da maTi imgvari
xedva, Zalian rom hgavs humboldtis naazrevs. huserli aRniSnavs:
`uaRresad
rTuli
problemebi
iwyeba
fenomenebidan,
romlebic
`aRniSvnisa~ da `mniSvnelobis~ rubrikebs ganekuTvneba. ramdenadac
nebismieri mecniereba Tavis Teoriul Sinaarseul aRvsebaSi, yvelafer
imaSi, rac masSi `moZRvrebas~ (Teorema, dasabuTeba, Teoria) Seadgens,
specialur `logikur~ mediumSi obieqtivirdeba _ gamosaxvis mediumSi,
filosofosisa da fsiqologisTvis, romlebic zogadlogikuri momentebiT interesdebian, gamoxatvisa da mniSvnelobis problemebi uaxloesia
da iginivea pirveli, romlebic saerTod, rogorc ki seriozulad vcdilobT TviT maTs arsebamde mivideT, fenomenologiur-arsebiTi kvlevaZiebisken gvibiZgeben~ (huserli 1999, 270). cota qvemoT, `ideebis~ imave,
124-e paragrafSi vkiTxulobT: `amasTan dakavSirebuli struqturebis
sruli naTelyofa seriozul sirTuleebs gviCens. ukve imis aRiareba,
rom gaxmianebul sityvaTa grZnobadi fenisgan abstrahirebis Semdeg,
saxeze marTlac rCeba kidev erTi amgvari fena... da maS, nebismier
SemTxvevaSi _ TviT ragind gaugebari, carieli, wmindad verbaluri
azrovnebis drosac _ gamomsaxveli moniSvnisa da gamosaxulis qveda fena,
_ ukve es aris arc Tu iolad sawvdomi da miT ufro Znelia yvela am
fenis arsebiTi urTierTkavSirebis gaazreba. xatovan gamoTqmas fenisa
sruli ndobiT ar unda movekidoT; gamoxatavs araa zemodan wacxebuli
laqi da araa gadacmuli kaba; esaa _ goniTi formireba, romelic qveda
intenciur fenaSi axal intenciur funqciebs asrulebs da Tavisze
gamoscdis mis korelatur intenciur funqciebs~ (huserli 1999, 271).
sakiTxis aq warmodgenili erTob arasruli da saxeldaxelo
ganxilva gvaZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas, rom dasavlur kulturulistoriul sivrceSi enis arsis filosofiuri kvleva mudmivi procesia.
evropuli
filosofiisa
da
enaTmecnierebis
yvelaze
gavleniani
warmomadgenelni arsebiTad Tanaxmani arian erT sakiTxSi: ena adamianis
sulieri cxovrebis is organonia, romelic mimarTulebas, xasiaTsa da
14
Sinaarss sZens TviT am cxovrebas. Tu amgvar xedvas gaviziarebT, enaTa
kvlevisa da swavlebis saqme axlebur filosofiur, aseve kulturulanTropologiur datvirTvas SeiZens; rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro
sainteresos gaxdis garjas humanitarul mecnierebaTa sxvadasxva dargSi.
literatura
gadameri 1991 _ Гадамер Г. Г., Философские основания XX века,
Актуальность прекрасного, «Искусство», Москва.
nicSe 1903 _ Фридрих Ницше, По ту сторону добра и зла, Москва.
platoni 1953 _ Plato, Cratylus, Plato with an English translation VI, by H. N.
Fowler of western reserve University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard
University press London William Heinemann Ltd MCMLIII.
humboldti 1984 _ Вильгельм фон Гумбольдт, О различии строения
человеческих языков и его влиянии на духовное развитие человечества,
Избранные труды по языкознанию, Прогресс, Москва.
huserli 1999 _ Эдмунд Гуссерль, Идеи к чистой феноменологии и
феноменологической философии, книга I, Общее введение в чистую
феноменологию, Дом интеллектуальной книги, Москва.
haidegeri 1927 _ Martin Heidegger, Sein und Zeit.
Levan Dalakishvili
Language - an Object of Philosophic Research
Summary
The article deals with the problem of the understanding of the essence of
language in Western culture beginning from Cratylos by Plato to E. Husserl and M.
Heidegger. The conclusion is drawn that language appears as a phenomenon giving
the direction and meaning to man’s inner life.
15
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
vladimer lekiaSvili
subieqtis varaudis aRmweri frazebis formaluri
analizis fsevdoproblemebi
`aseT SemTxvevebSi subieqtisTvis varaudis (rwmenis) miwerisa da
interpretaciis Cveuli meTodebi udides sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba,
SesaZloa aseTi mcdeloba saerTodac warumatebeli iyos~ (Kripke 1979).
kripkes es dramatuli gancxadeba exeba ybadaRebul `paderevskis~ msgavs
magaliTebs (`piteri Tvlis, rom paderevskis aqvs musikaluri talanti~,
`piteri ar Tvlis, rom paderevskis aqvs musikaluri talanti~, e. i.
aris raRac, rac piters erTdroulad sjera da ar sjera da es maSin,
roca, pirobis Tanaxmad, piteri Seracxadi da racionaluria. am
yvelafris mizezi ki isaa, rom piters pirvel da meore wanamZRvrebSi
naxsenebi `paderevskebi~ sxvadasxva adamianebi hgonia). situacia arc ise
dramatulia, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans (mavans marTlac SeiZleba
SemaSfoTeblad moeCvenos is garemoeba, rom kripke Tavisi `semantikiT~
da virtualur samyaroTa uzadod koordinirebuli legioniT aseTi
magaliTebis interpretaciisTvis sasowarkveTili eZebs axal meTodebs),
mis ukidures garTulebas ki swored e. w. enis filosofosTa dauRalav
mecadineobas unda vumadlodeT.
yvelaferi ki imiT daiwyo, rom fregem Tavis statiaSi "Über Sinn
und Bedeutung" (Frege 1892) erTmaneTisgan gamijna enobriv obieqtTa
mniSvneloba da `azri~ da subieqtis varaudis an rwmenis aRmwer rTul
winadadebebSi daqvemdebarebuli winadadebis Canacvleba sxva winadadebiT
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiCnia dasaSvebad (mTeli winadadebis
WeSmarituli mniSvnelobis SenarCunebis pirobiT), Tuki am or urTierTmonacvle winadadebas saerTo eqneboda ara mxolod referenciuli
mniSvneloba, aramed `azric~ (Tanamedrove gamokvlevebSi xSirad iyeneben
amerikuli komiqsis siuJets: `luisi Tvlis, rom supermens SeuZlia
frena~, `luisi Tvlis, rom kent klarks SeuZlia frena~: orivegan
daqvemdebarebuli winadadebebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos WeSmaritad, mTliani
frazebidan ki pirveli WeSmaritia, meore _ mcdari. anu gamodis, rom
mniSvnelobiT identuri damokidebuli winadadebebis urTierTCanacvleba
subieqtis varaudis aRmwer frazebSi yovelTvis araa dasaSvebi, ramac
enis filosofosebs didi Tavsatexi gauCina).
fregeseuli
interpretacia
bevrisTvis
misaRebi
aRmoCnda,
bevrisTvis ki _ sruliad miuRebeli da misi naSromis gamosvlis Semdeg
16
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis filosofosebi (fregeistebi, neoraselistebi,
antineoraselistebi, neofregeistebi da a. S.) saukuneze metia SesaSuri
gulmodginebiT da warmatebiTac eZeben kontrmagaliTebs TavianTi
kolegebis koncefciebisa Tu interpretaciebisTvis. Cven ar SevudgebiT am
Teoriebis detalur ganxilvas, radgan wminda lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT es mxolod imdenadaa saintereso, ramdenadac saxaliso. problema marTlac arsebobs da is ukavSirdeba ara erTi romelime skolis an
mimarTulebis mier enobrivi faqtebis aradamakmayofilebel axsnas, aramed
im midgomas, romelic saerToa enis filosofosTa yvela am mimarTulebis
warmomadgenlebisTvis. vgulisxmobT enobrivi obieqtebis, rogorc maTgan
damoukidebel referentebTan dakavSirebuli niSnebis interpretacias.
am koncefciis farglebSi nebismieri enobrivi niSnisTvis konteqsti
axdens ukve arsebuli mniSvnelobebidan romelimes aqtualizacias da
sruliad ugulebelyofilia is garemoeba, rom es mniSvnelobebic, Tavis
mxriv, sxva konteqstebis mier formirdeba da saboloo jamSi, xdeba
mniSvnelobis ara aqtualizacia, aramed Seqmna. es Tviseba axasiaTebs
mxolod bunebriv enebs da sruliad ucxoa formaluri enebisTvis. amis
gaucnobierebloba ki safuZvels aZlevs enis filosofoss alalad
imsjelos bunebriv enaTa `arasrulyofilebaze~ da `srulyofilebasTan
miaxloebul~ formalur enebze. ucnauria koreferenciulobis cnebis
gamoyeneba garkveul konteqstebSi erTeulTa urTierTCanacvlebis
SeuZleblobis saCveneblad da Semdgom imaze Tavis mtvreva, Tu ratom
xdeba ase. koreferenciulobis miCneva urTierTCanacvlebadobis sakmaris
safuZvlad
`Cveulebriv~
konteqstebSi
dauSvelebelia
misi
intuiciurobis gamo. saboloo jamSi, frazebi `uiverlis avtori~ da
`skoti~ mxolod imitom iTvleba koreferentulad, rom WeSmaritia
`skoti aris uiverlis avtoris~ msgavsi gamonaTqvamebi. miTiuri
referentebis gansazRvris mcdeloba nebismieri enis filosofoss aqcevs
sakuTari intuiciis mZevlad, da Tu raoden fantasturi formebi
SeiZleba miiRos am intuiciam, amas mogvianebiTac SevexebiT.
bunebrivenobrivi `paradoqsuli frazis~ interpretaciis mcdeloba
sxva araferia, Tu ara formalur enaze Camoyalibebuli paradoqsis
wakiTxva bunebriv enaze da Semdgom am, bunebrivi enisTvis mainc ucxo
problemis gadaWra formaluri gziT. enobrivi frazebisa da maT
SemadgenelTa polisemiuroba da implicituri presupozicia problematurs xdis paradoqsuli frazebis TviT `paradoqsulobas~. magaliTad,
kretelis mier naTqvami frazis `yvela kreteli matyuaraa~ bunebrivi
interpretaciisas `yvela~-dan bunebrivadve gamoiricxeba frazis mTqmeli.
bunebrivi ena gaurbis paradoqsebs da frazebis avtoreferencias. amis
17
saSualebas mas enobriv erTeulTaA aramyari da mudmivi Camoyalibebis
procesSi myofi `referentebi~ aZlevs. `yvela~ SeiZleba niSnavdes
`uklebliv yvelas~ da metaforul an hiperbolur `yvelas~. enobriv
erTeulTa e. w. koreferenciulobaze dafuZnebuli Tavsatexebic sruliadac ar unda iyos Tavsatexi, Tuki gavacnobierebT koreferentulobis
pirobiTobas: `luisi Tvlis, rom supermens SeuZlia frena~; `luisi
Tvlis, rom klark kents ar SeuZlia frena~; *`luisi Tvlis, rom
supermens ar SeuZlia frena~. (`supermeni~ da `klark kenti~ koreferenciuli erTeulebia, da Sesabamisad, unda SeiZlebodes maTi urTierTCanacvleba). am ori sityvis koreferenciuloba ar aris absoluturi
WeSmariteba. msjelobis avtorisTvis es asea, luisisTvis _ ara.
fsiqiatri ki albaT ityoda, rom klark kents pirovnebis gaoreba sWirs,
gaorebuli ki ors ufro udris, vidre erTs. msgavs SemTxvevebSi
yovelTvis aRiniSneba, rom subieqti (aq _ luisi) racionaluri da
Seracxadia, man ubralod ar icis igiveobis faqtis Sesaxeb, magram isic
xom aSkaraa, rom logikur gamomdinareobebSi faqtis ucodinrobiT
miRebuli daskvna, am faqtis mcodnis TvalsazrisiT, swored araracionalurobaze daiyvaneba (miT umetes, Tu faqtis mcodnisTvis es faqti
absoluturi WeSmaritebaa).
subieqtis (anu imis, visac miewereba esa Tu is varaudi) Tvalsazrisis xazgasasmelad keneT teilors (Taylor 2002) filosofosebisTvis
Cveuli gamomgoneblobiT Semoaqvs termini "in-the-head-co-referential". Tu
Tanmimdevrulebi viqnebiT, msgavsi magaliTebis ganxilvisas koreferenciis
yovel xsenebas unda davurToT aseTi atributi (in-the-head) am `head~-is
patronis aucilebeli miTiTebiT: sxvisi varaudis aRmweri, subieqti,
romelsac es varaudi miewereba, filosofosi, romelic am Tavsatexis
amoxsnas cdilobs da a. S. oRond problema amiT ar gadawydeba: Tuki
bunebrivenobrivi frazebisgan formaluri logikis wesebiT daskvnis
miRebas movindomebT, es daskvna erTze metic iqneba da winaaRmdegobrivic, koreferenciuli erTeulebis urTierTCanacvleba ki xSirad
ara mxolod subieqtis varaudis farglebSi moqceul damokidebul
winadadebebSia dauSvebeli, aramed uamrav sxva konteqstSic aseTi
Canacvleba imTaviTve Seicavs winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegis miRebis safrTxes.
Tuki mavani Seecdeba iseTi Teoriis Seqmnas, romelic axsnida am tipis
frazebSi
koreferenciuli
sityvebis
Canacvlebis
SesaZleblobas
sxvadasxva situaciur konteqstebSi, man isic unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom
aseT situaciaTa raodenoba usasruloa, oponentTa fantazia da
kontrmagaliTebis Ziebis azarti ki _ dauSreteli (aqve imasac vityviT,
rom yoveli aseTi Teoria imdenad aSkarad atarebs axal-axali
18
SemTxvevebis kvaldakval Tanmimdevruli _ droiTi da ara logikuri
TvalsazrisiT _ garTulebis Sedegad miRebuli koncefciebis daRs, rom
maT mecnierulobaze laparaki uxerxulic kia). sailustraciod gamodgeba
Tundac riCardis (Ricard 1990) mier SeTxzuli situacia, romelic
warmatebiT ixsneba misive Teoriis farglebSi da saideris (Sider 1995)
kontrmagaliTi _ TiTqmis deteqtiuri siuJetiT da mosulelo personaJebiT.
msgavs enobriv TavsatexebTan dakavSirebiT meore problemac
arsebobs, kerZod, enis filosofiis tradicia sakmaod ucnaurad aRiqvams
erTi SexedviT sruliad naTel bunebrivenobriv frazebs. vgulisxmobT
subieqtis varaudis an rwmenis aRmweri winadadebebis de re da de dicto
interpretaciebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebad miiCneva koreferentuli
obieqtebis urTierTCanacvleba, meoreSi _ ara. saqme iqamde mivida, rom am
tipis nebismieri fraza orazrovnad aRiqmeba:
"Ralph believes that someone is spy". – 1) Ralph believes that there are spies; 2)
Someone is such that Ralph believes that he is a spy (McKay, Nelson 2006) (igulisxmeba ralfis eWvi erT konkretul adamianTan dakavSirebiT).
an: "George IV believed that the person who wrote Waverly was famous.”
"1) George IV believed that some person wrote Waverly, at most one person wrote
Waverly, and every person who wrote Waverly is famous; 2) Some person wrote
Waverly, at most one person wrote Waverly, and every person who wrote Waverly
is such that George IV believed that he was famous (McKay, Nelson 2006-a). (am
margalitebis avtors imis Tqma surs, rom pirveli interpretaciiT
jorj IV-m SeiZleba arc icodes, rom uiverlis avtori skotia da is
TiTqosda ambobs: `vinc ar unda iyos uiverlis avtori, cnobili vinme
iqnebao~, meore interpretaciiT ki mefe kargadaa informirebuli).
ralfis magaliTis `orazrovneba~ aSkarad yuriT moTreulia, meore
magaliTis pirvel da meore `interpretaciebze~ ki mxolod erTis Tqma
SeiZleba: msgavsi konstruqciebis danergvas erTs da mxolod erT
adamians unda vumadlodeT da visac ar unda gaekeTebina es, ser valter
skotze aranakleb cnobili adamiani iqneboda _ mokled, bertran raseli.
erTi eg aris, raseli, bevri Tavisi sulieri memkvidrisa Tu oponentisgan gansxvavebiT (enis filosofiis sferoSi), Tavadac SesaniSnavad
acnobierebda Tavisi aRniSvnis Teoriis metismet spekulatiurobas da
cnobil statias "On Denoting" (Russell 1973) Semdegi fraziT amTavrebs:
`mkiTxvels mxolod imas vTxovdi, nu ganewyoba am Tvalsazrisis
winaaRmdeg _ rac ar unda didi iyos aseTi cduneba misi ukiduresi
sirTulidan gamomdinare _ iqamde mainc, vidre Tavad ar Seecdeba
denotaciis sakuTari Teoriis Seqmnas. aseTi mcdeloba, vfiqrob,
19
daarwmunebs, rom, rogoric ar unda iyos swori Teoria, is ar iqneba
iseTi martivi, rogorc winaswar SeiZleba gvevarauda.~
situacia aSkarad kuriozulia: erTi mxriv, enis folosofia Zalze
xSirad bunebriv enaze (anu Tavisi kvlevis obieqtze) adekvaturad ver
ayalibebs saTqmels, meore mxriv ki, misi msjelobebis jaWvSi erTi
rgoli mainc missave bunebrivenobriv intuicias (!) da enobrivi niSnebis
referenciasTan dakavSirebul banalur miTebs efuZneba. mTavari problema
ki, anu subieqtis varaudis (da msgavsi mimarTebebis) aRmweri frazebis
interpretaciis irgvliv gamarTuli saukunovani debatebi CvenTvis
Zneladasaxsneli garemoebidan gamomdinareobs: ramdenadac advilad axerxebs enis filosofia msjelobis subieqtTa Tvalsazrisis relativacias,
imdenadve ucxoa misTvis msjelobis avtorTa Tvalsazrisis pirobiTobis
gacnobiereba da misgan distancireba.
literatura
Frege 1892 _ Frege G. ,"Über Sinn und Bedeutung", in Zeitschrift für Philosophie
und philosophische Kritik, 1892, 100: 25-50.
Kripke 1979 _ Kripke S., "A puzzle about belief" in A. Margalit (ed.). Meaning
and Use (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979), 268.
McKay, Nelson 2006 _ McKay Th. and Nelson M., The De Re/De Dicto
Distinction, Supplement to "Propositional Attitude Reports", The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2006/entries/prop-attitude-reports/>.
McKay, Nelson 2006-a _ McKay Th. and Nelson M., Definite Descriptions,
Supplement to "Propositional Attitude Reports", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2006/entries/prop-attitude-reports/>.
Ricard 1990 _ Richard M., Propositional Attitudes. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Russell 1973 _ Russell B., "On Denoting," in Essays in Analysis, London: Allen
and Unwin, 1973, 103-119.
Sider 1995 _ Sider Th., "Three Problems for Richard’s Theory of Belief
Ascription", Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25 (1995): 487-514.
Taylor 2002 _ Taylor K. A., "De re and de dicto: against the converntional
wisdom", Philosophycal Perspectives, 16, Language and Mind, 2002
20
Vladimir Lekiashvili
Pseudo Problems of Formal Analysis of the Propositional Attitude Reports
Summary
Methodological grounds conducing to the variety of the puzzles concerning
propositional attitude reports is the main topic of the paper. We suppose that
unconcern for the complete relativization of the notion of co-reference might be
one of the reasons that have made many language philosophers puzzle over the
topics that otherwise would produce no perplexity for formal analysis of the
phrases of this type.
21
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
irine meliqiSvili
`Tavisuflebis~ cnebis etimologiuri diapazoni.
socialuridan individualuramde1
diaqroniuli semantikuri tipologiis erT-erTi amocanaa sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebis cvalebadobis tendenciebis gamovlena, _ gansazRvra imisa,
Tu ra Sinagan siRrmiseul semantikas atarebs esa Tu is sityva
sxvadasxva epoqaSi da sxvadasxva kulturul wreSi _ da miRebuli
Sedegebis Sedarebis safuZvelze ganviTarebis zogadi tendenciebis
dadgena.Aamgvari kvleva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes erTi mniSvnelobis mqone
sityvebis etimologiur agebulebaTa Sedarebis safuZvelze.
erTi da imave ZiriTadi semantikis matarebeli sityvebis warmoeba
xSirad sxvadasxva principebs efuZneba. rTuli sityvaTwarmoebiTi
modelebis mqone sityvaTa etimologiuri analizi avlens sityvaTwarmoebis semantikur motivacias, anu saxeldebis momentSi Sesabamisi
cnebis gaazrebis xasiaTs sxvadasxva enaSi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi da sxvadasxva kulturul wreSi. es etimologiuri sxvaobebi asaxavs ama Tu im
cnebis konceptualur sxvaobas adamianis cnobierebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. erTi mniSvnelobisa da gansxvavebuli warmoebis sityvaTa
erTmaneTTan Sedareba warmodgenas gviqmnis kacobriobis cnobierebis
evoluciis Sesaxeb. `Tavisuflebis“ cnebis aRmniSvnel sityvaTa etimologiebis Sedareba am cnebis ganviTarebis saintereso xazs avlens.
indoevropul enebSi `Tavisufali adamianis~ aRmniSvneli sityvebis
etimologiuri jgufebi ganxiluli aqvs e. benvenists (benvenisti 1970).
am monacemebis da etimologiur leqsikonebSi warmodgenili faqtebis
safuZvelze Cven berZnul-romaul, germanikul, slavur, qarTvelur
cnebebs vertikalur RerZze ganvixilavT, rogorc urTierTmomdevno
kulturuli epoqebis kuTvnilebebs.
wakiTxulia moxsenebad guram ramiSvilisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo sesiaze 2008
1
wlis 9 ivniss.
22
1.
`Tavisuflebis~ aRmniSvneli sityvebi berZnul-laTinur enobriv
wreSi
indoevropul enebSi `Tavisuflebis~ cnebis aRmniSvnel sityvaTa
ramdenime etimologiuri wre dasturdeba. erT etimologiur jgufs
qmnian iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa laTinuri liber da berZnuli ̉ελεύθερος.
es sityvebi momdinareoben saerTo-indoevropuli Ziridan *leudh‐
`amozrda, aRmoceneba~. ukve saerTo-indoevropulisTvis aris aRdgenili
am Ziridan nawarmoebi formebi: *leudho-, leudhi- `mozardi Taoba, xalxi~
da *leudhero‐ `tomis wevri, Tavisufali~ (pokorni 1959, 684). `zrdis~
mniSvnelobiT es Ziri dadasturebulia indur-iranul enebSi: Zv. ind.
rōdhati, av. raodati `izrdeba~; goTurSi: liudan `zrda~. `xalxis, modgmis~
mniSvnelobiT am Ziridan nawarmoebi sityvebi dadasturebulia balturslavur da germanikul enebSi: Zv. slav. ljudje `xalxi~, rus. Люди; latv. làudis, litv. liádis `xalxi, tomi~, Zv. zemo germ. Liut‐, ang. saqs. lēod‐ `xalxi~, saS. zemo germ. liute `xalxi~, germ. Leute; rogor unda gaviazroT
semantikuri ganviTareba zmnuri Ziridan `zrda~ > `Tavisuflebis~
aRmniSvnel sityvebamde? `zrdis~ mniSvnelobidan viTardeba erTis mxriv
`gazrdilis, mozardis, bavSvis“ mniSvnelobebi: ix. laT. līberi-/līberōrum
aseve `iersaxis, aRnagobis (Gestalt)~ mniSvneloba: goT. laudi `iersaxe, Gestalt~, av. roadh‐ `aRnagoba, iersaxe~, xolo Semdeg `xalxis, modgmis
mniSvneloba~ _ erTi Ziridan aRmocenebuli adamianebis erToblioba
iZleva krebiT cnebas, rogoricaa `modgma, naTesaoba, xalxi~; germanuli
Leute da rusuli люди `erTi Ziridan amozrdili adamianebi~ arian.
amgvarad warmoiqmneba socialuri Sinaarsis cneba *leudho- `xalxi~;
xolo
arsebiTi
saxelisagan
*leudho`xalxi~
warmoiqmneba
zedsarTavi*(e)leudhero-, romelic jer niSnavs `erTi eTnikuri Ziris kuTvnilebas~ xolo Semdeg _ Tavisufali adamianis mdgomareobas; aseTebia:
laT. liber berZn. ̉ελεύθερος, rus. людин `Tavisufali adamiani~, burgund.
Leudis `Tavisufali kaci~ (fasmeri II, 545).Aamrigad, Tavisufalni arian
isini, vinc erT modgmas, erT xalxs ekuTvnis, ramdenadac isini erTi
Ziridan arian amozrdilni. Aamis sapirispirod, erTgvarovan eTnikur
sociumSi araTavisufalia ucxo eTnikuri warmomavlobis piri (tyve >
mona).
socialuri
erTobis
safuZvelia
saerTo
biologiuri
warmomavloba, xolo Tavisufalia is, vinc am biologiuri erTobis
wevria. msgavs semantikur ganviTarebad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT germanuli
Stamm da inglisuri stock `1. Rero; 2. gvari, modgma~; maT mcenareuli da
eTnikuri mniSvneloba aqvT; amasTan, cxadia, rom `Reros~ mcenareuli
mniSvneloba eTnikuri mniSvnelobisaTvis amosavalia: erTi gvarisani arian
isini, vinc erTi Reros ganStoebebs warmoadgenen.
23
arsebiTad msgavsi sazrisi udevs safuZvlad `Tavisuflebis~
aRmniSvnel Zvel sparsul sityvas: āzāta (ax. sp. āzād) `memkvidreobiT nakadSi naSobi~. keTili Sobis Sinaarss moicavs Zveli iranuli ā-znā-ya-c
`did saxlSi dabadebuli~ e. i. `keTilSobili~ (beili 1960; mogvyavs
m. andronikaSvilis naSromis mixedviT: andronikaSvili 1960, 221;
benvenisti 1974, 359). sparsulidan nasesxebi sityvebi aznaM da aznauri
`warCinebulis, keTilSobilis, Tavisufalis~ mniSvnelobiT warmodgenilia Zvel qarTulSi (andronikaSvili 1966, 214-221).
2. `Tavisuflebis~ aRmniSvneli sityvebi germanikul enobriv wreSi
`Tavisuflebis~ aRmniSvnel sityvaTa meore etimologiuri wre
warmodgenilia germanikul enebSi. aqac `Tavisuflebis~ cnebas socialuri
safuZveli aqvs, oRond Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi sociumi biologiuri
erTobis safuZvelze ganisazRvreboda, aq socialuri erTobis mSvinvieri,
fsiqikuri aspeqti gamodis win.
germanuli frei, inglisuri free momdinareoben indoevropuli Ziridan
*prāi- `keTilganwyoba, mSvidobiani da xalisiani damokidebuleba, dacva~.
Aam Ziridan nawarmoebi indoevropuli fuZeebia: *pri-to `sayvareli~, *prija
`meuRle~, *prijo-tā `siyvaruli~ (pokorni 1959, 844). misi memkvidre
formebi warmodgenilia berZnul, indur-iranul, slavur, germanikul,
keltur enebSi. `Tavisufalis~ mniSvneloba am Ziridan nawarmoeb sityvebs
germanikul enobriv wreSi ganuviTardaT: goT. freis, Zv. zemo germ. frī,
angl. saqs. freō, frī, Zv. isl. frijāls `Tavisufali~.Ees mniSvneloba ganviTarda
mniSvnelobidan: `sayvareli, saTno, moyvasi~: sanskr. priya-.Aav.
frya-,
`sayvareli, saTno~, aqedan: `meuRle~; amave rigis ganviTarebaa Zv. slav.
prêyo `keTilganwyobili, mzrunveli~; rus. приятель; goT. frijōns `naTesavi~, Zv. z. germ. friudal `sayvareli, sasiZo, meuRle~, Zv. isl. friδill `sayvareli~, germ. Freund `amxanagi, megobari~, Sved. Frände `naTesavi~. sayvarelis, saTnos mniSvnelobidan germanikulma enebma ganaviTares
naTesavisa da megobris, moyvasis Sinaarsi. mniSvnelobaTa diapazonisaTvis
ix. goT. frijōn `siyvaruli (zmna)~, Zv. isl. friyā, ang. saqs. frōgan `siyvaruli, ganTavisufleba~, goT. freidjan `dacva, zrunva~, ang. saqs. friđjan `dacva~, Zv. z. germ. fridu, germ. Friede `mSvidoba~, Zv. isl. friđa `mSvidobis damyareba, Serigeba~. am Ziridan ganviTarda socialuri
samarTlebrivi cneba `Tavisufali~: `adamianebi, romlebic gviyvars da
amitom vicavT, arian sakuTari modgmisani, moyvasni, amxanagebi~ _
"Freunde", amdenad _ sociumis sruluflebiani wevrebi, ucxo araTavisuflebis (tyveebis, damorCilebulebis) sapirispirod. erTi Ziridan
momdinareoben sityvebi: frei `Tavisufali~, Freund `megobari~, Friede
24
`mSvidoba~, Freude `sixaruli~ (Herkunftswőrterbuch, 1988, 203).
`Tavisuflebis~ cnebis ganviTarebis semantikuri gza ase gamoiyureba:
sayvareli, saTno > moyvasi, naTesavi, megobari > Tavisufali. am
konteqstSi sainteresoa qarTuli sityva moyvasi. `Tavisuflebis~ cnebis
gamomxatvel am sityvaTa emociuri, afeqturi safuZveli TvalsaCinoa. A
amrigad, am enobriv wreSic `Tavisufleba~ socialuri cnebaa
(Tavisufalni arian sakuTari modgmisani, eseni arian saTnoni da
dasacavebi), oRond amjerad sityvis etimologiuri safuZveli emociuri,
fsiqikuri xasiaTisaa.
3. `Tavisuflebis~ aRmniSvneli sityvebi slavur enobriv wreSi
saintereso ganviTarebas gviCveneben slavuri enebi: Zv. slav. sveboda
da am sityvis memkvidre formebi rusulSi, bulgarulSi, CexurSi, polonurSi…... isini momdinareoben saerTo-indoevropuli nacvalsaxeluri
Ziridan: *seûe/sûe `свой, sakuTari, TviT~; indoevropul donezeve
rekonstruirdeba nawarmoebi forma * sûe-bho `Tavisi msgavsi, Tavisiani~
(pokorni 1949, 883; fasmeri 1971, 582-3).
am formidan eTnikuri Sinaarsis sityvebi sxva indoevropul enebSic
ganviTarda. ix. mag. goT. sibja, Zv. z. germ. sipp(e), germ. Suēbi, Zv. z. germ.
Swāba, germ. Schwaben `Svabebi~. amrigad, slavuri свобода-c socialuri
Sinaarsis cnebaa da gamoxatavs `Tavisians, sakuTari gvaris wevrs~. mas
refleqsur-kuTvnilebiTi xasiaTi aqvs da emyareba nacvalsaxelur Zirs.
Tavisufalia is, vinc Tavisiania. amave tipis warmoebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos
TurqeTSi
gadasaxlebul
qarTvelTa
TviTdasaxeleba
`Cveneburebi~ (futkaraZe 1993, 9). es aris refleqsur-kuTvnilebiT
nacvalsaxelze damyarebuli eTnikuri TviTdasaxelebis nimuSi. amrigad,
`Tavisuflebis~ aRmniSvneli slavuri sityva nacvalsaxeluri socialuri
terminidan momdinareobs. pirovneba Tavs sociumSi moiazrebs da sakuTar
Tavze orientirebulad (свои `Tavisianebi~) gansazRvravs Tavis eTnosocialur erTobas, xolo Semdeg, `Tavisuflad~ kvalificirdeba am
`TavisianTa~ erTobis wevri.
`Tavisuflebis~
aRmniSvneli
ganxiluli
terminebi
eTnikursocialuri xasiaTisaa. Tavisufalia is, vinc mocemul modgmas, gvars,
xalxs ekuTvnis. cxadia, dRes yvela es sityva, etimologiis miuxedavad,
ZiriTadad pirovnuli Tavisuflebis Sinaarsis matarebelia.
Tumca yvela ganxilul enobriv wreSi `Tavisufleba~ socialuri
terminia, sociumis ganmsazRvreli principi gansxvavebulia:
a) berZnul-laTinur enobriv wreSi es aris biologiuri principi:
’ελθεύρος, liber; etimologiuri safuZvelia `zrdis~ semantika. 25
b) germanikulSi es aris emociur-fsiqologiuri motivi: frei, free;
etimologiuri safuZvelia `saTno, sayvareli~.
g) slavurSi - pirovnuleul-refleqsuri: свобода; etimologiuri
safuZvelia `Tavisiani~.
4. `Tavisuflebis~ cneba qarTvelur enebSi
qarTuli sityva Tavisufali ar Seicavs miTiTebas socialur
mimarTebebze. es sityva ukve mTlianad pirovnuli Tavisuflebis
Sinaarsis gamomxatvelia. Tavisufali aris sakuTari Tavis ufali,
sakuTari Tavis mflobeli; sityva TviTorientirebulia. igi arc erTi
zemoT ganxiluli azriT ar miemarTeba adamianTa naTesaur Tu sxvagvar
socialur erTobas. Tavisufali flobs Tavis Tavs; mxolod negatiuri
azriT gamomdinareobs misi etimologiuri Sinaarsidan mimarTeba sxvebTan.
radgan igi sakuTari Tavis ufalia,
amdenad igi
sxvebisagan
damoukidebelia, sxva ar batonobs masze. am azriT damoukidebloba
`Tavisuflebis~ Sedegia. qarTuli sityvis pirveladi Sinaarsi pirovnuli
xasiaTisaa, pozitiuri azriT es sityva mxolod sakuTari Tavis flobaze
metyvelebs, igi ar gadis pirovnebis farglebidan.
sayuradReboa, rom es sityva mravalmxriv gaazrebas eqvemdebareba.
Tavisufali SesaZlebelia flobdes Tavs rogorc fizikur arsebas,
magram aseve axorcielebdes emociur, moralur, goniT TviTkontrols,
TviTflobas. sityva Tavisufali Zaldautaneblad moicavs adamianuri
Tavisuflebis goeTeseul moazrebasac:
Wer nicht sich selbst befielt,
bleibt immer ein Knecht
(Zahme Xenien)
`vinc sakuTar Tavs TviT ar ubrZanebs, ymad darCeba mudam~.
sityva Tavisufali dadasturebulia saxarebis uZveles qarTul
TargmanebSi:
in. 8.32 gulisxma-hyoT WeSmariteba da WeSmaritebaman gangaTavisuflnes
Tqven.
8.33 naTesavni abraamisni varT da arasada vis vhmoneT; viTar Sen ityÂ,
viTarmed: Tavisufal iqmneT?
8.36 ukueTu Zeman gangaTavisuflnes, WeSmaritad Tavisufal iyvneT.
es sityva sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba Zveli aRTqmis Targmanis
teqstebSic. mag. mcxeTur xelnawerSi: gamoslv. 21. 5, 26, 27; I ezr. 1. 4,
50, 53; II ezr. 11. 19, 36; fs. 87. 6; ier. 34. 41; iob. 39. 5; tob. 1. 14;
gvxvdeba igi oSkis bibliaSic, parizis leqcionarSic, eqvTime
26
mTawmindliseul ioane oqropiris TxzulebaTa TargmanebSi da Zveli
qarTuli enis bevr sxva ZeglSi. es aris Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikis
myari, gavrcelebuli erTeuli, Cveulebrivi, yofiTi enis kuTvnileba.
rogorc wesi, berZnulidan naTargmn teqstebSi igi berZnuli originalis
’ελεύθερος, ’ελεύθερια-s fardad aris warmodgenili. iSviaTad enacvleba
mas nasesxebi sityva aznauri. igi gvxvdeba saxarebis uZveles TargmanebSi
(TargmanebSi, romlebic warmodgenilia rogorc adiSis, ise jruWisa da
parxlis xelnawerebSi), da amdenad, qarTuli dokumentirebuli leqsikis
uZveles fenas ekuTvnis. Sesabamisad, sityvis warmoqmnis zeda droiTi
zRvari pirveli qristianuli saukuneebia. qveda zRvris dokumenturi
dadgena SeuZlebelia, radgan ufro adreuli werilobiTi Zeglebi ar
arsebobs, xolo SesatyvisobaTa uqonlobis gamo mas qarTul-zanuri
erTobis donemdec ver aviyvanT. megrulsa da svanurSi am cnebis
aRsaniSnad qarTulidan nasesxebi sityva ixmareba.
daismis kiTxva: qarTuli kompozituri warmoeba sakuTriv qarTul
sityvaTSemoqmedebas warmoadgens Tu ucxo warmonaqmnis kalkirebis
Sedegia? Cven vfiqrobT, rom qarTuli Tavisufali sakuTar warmoebas
warmoadgens, radgan qarTulTan SexebaSi myof sxva enobriv wreebSi
uzualur leqsikaSi amgvarad nawarmoeb sityvebs ver vxedavT. saxarebis
berZnul teqtSi qarTuli Tavisufalis fardad sruliad sxvagvari
etimologiis mqone ’ελεύθερος aris warmodgenili. sayuradReboa, rom
rodesac Teologiuri literatura iTargmneboda qarTulad, romelSic
adamianis Tavisuflebis, misi Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb qristologiuri
gansja iyo warmodgenili, mTargmnelebi ar iyenebdnen sityvas
Tavisufali, romelic qarTuli enis bunebrivi, yoveldRiuri enis
leqsikur erTeuls warmoadgenda, aramed qmnidnen Teologiur terminebs,
rogoricaa TÂTmflobeli, TÂTmflobeloba, TÂTÃelmwife, TÂTÃelmwifeba. ase
magaliTad:
TÂTmflobelad daubadebies RmerTsa BbunebaM Cveni (ioane oqropiri
Ath. 29. 92). aramed raodenni umizezeben RmerTsa amisTÂs, romel kaci ara Seqmna
borotTa armimTualvelad, aramed TÂTÃelmwifed (nemesios emeseli 159,
20; mogvyavs T. cqitiSvilis naSromis mixedviT: `nebis Tavisuflebis
problema rusTavelis vefxistyaosanSi~, 2001, 85, 87).
aSkaraa, rom etimologiur safuZvels qarTuli sityvisaTvis
Tavisufali warmoadgens adamianis pirovnuli Tavisufleba da igi
socialurad orientirebuli ar aris. amasTan, igi dadasturebulia
pirvel qristianul saukuneebSi. arsebobda Tu ara es warmoeba Cvens
welTaRricxvamde, amis Sesaxeb pasuxs ver gagvcemen verc werilobiTi
27
Zeglebi da verc SedarebiTi kvleva. magram aseTi daTariRebac kiTxvebis
winaSe gvayenebs, radgan qarTuli Tavisufali warmoadgens uzualuri
enis kuTvnilebad iseTi cnebis qcevas, romelic pirvel saukuneebSi
mxolod filosofiuri gansjis sagani SeiZleboda yofiliyo. cnobilia,
rom kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesSi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis cneba
socialuri Tavisuflebis cnebidan viTardeba TandaTanobiT.
Zvel berZnul enaSi iyo sityva ’αυτοκρατής `TviTmflobi,
TviTmpyrobeli, damoukidebeli~. magram es iyo kulturul-filosofiuri
leqsikis kuTvnileba da Cveulebrivi, yofiTi azriT, `Tavisuflebis~
aRsaniSnavad igi ar gamoiyeneboda. is iyo iseTi sityvebis atributi,
rogorebicaa νους `goneba~ (platonTan), λόγος `sityva~ (plutarqesTan)
da iZleoda mniSvnelobebs `Tavisufali goneba~, `Tavisufali sityva~, an
gamoxatavda
`TviTmpyrobels~
(βασιλεια dvorecki
1958,
267).
sayuradReboa, rom es sityva ar gvxvdeba septuagintaSi _ Zveli aRTqmis
uZveles berZnul TargmanSi. aq gvxvdeba mxolod arsebiTi saxeli
’αυτοκράτωρ `TviTmpyrobeli, sruli baton-patroni~ (Lust, Eunikel, Hauspie 1992, 71). amrigad, am sityvis mniSvneloba didad gansxvavdeba
`Tavisuflebis~ cnebisagan. saerTod ar gvxvdeba es sityva axali aRTqmis
berZnul teqstSi (es Cans axali aRTqmis berZnuli teqstis
leqsikonidan: baueri 1971). amdenad berZnuli enis verc teqstur da
verc zepir gavlenas qarTul enaze am sityvis warmoqmnisas ver
vivaraudebT.
svanursa da megrulSi am cnebis aRsaniSnavad qarTulidan nasesxebi
sityvebi ixmareba. Tumca svanurSi es semantikuri sfero sakmaod
diferencirebuli Cans _ ramdenime sityva asaxavs Tavisuflebis cnebis
sxvadasxva aspeqts. oTar onianis cnobiT, Tavisufal aris `Tavisufali,
gaxsnili, pirdapiri, gulwrfeli, laRi~; miCaSura `miseburi, Taviseburi
> Seuvali, damoukidebeli, Tavisi sityvis patroni, pirovneba, romelic
sxvis gavlenas ar eqvemdebareba da romlis gadarwmuneba Zalze Znelia~;
Txume maxuSi _ `sakuTari Tavis ufrosi > Zlieri pirovneba, Zlieri
meobis mqone, TviTmakontrolebeli, principuli, Sinagani simtkicis mqone,
gavlenisaTvis Seuvali~. svanurSi `Tavisuflebis~ iseTsave gaazrebas da
warmoebas vxedavT, rogoric qarTul sityvaSi aris warmodgenili. esec
imas unda mowmobdes, rom qarTuli Tavisufali, iseve rogorc svanuri
Txume mxuSi sakuTriv qarTveluri sityvaTSemoqmedebis Sedegs
warmoadgens da ar aris kalkirebis Sedegi.
Zvel qarTulSi aris iseTi kompozitebi, romlebic pirvel
komponentad Seicaven elements Tavis-: TavismoTneM /Tavis moTnebaM,
`Tavmomwone, Tavmomwoneba~; TavismoyuareM/ TavismoyvarebaM `Tavmoyvare,
28
Tavmoyvareoba~; Tavismyofeli `pativismcemeli~; Tavis-yofa `pativiscema,
damorCileba~, Tumca gasaxazia, rom TÂT- nacvalsaxeluri elementiT
nawarmoebi kompozitebi gacilebiT ufro bevria. berZnuli ’αυτο-s
Semcveli kompozitebis gadmoqarTulebisas swored es TÂT- gamoiyeneba:
TÂTmoqmedi
`TviTongamkeTebeli~,
TÂTmpyrobeli,
TÂTmflobeli,
TÂTÃelmwifeÁ; TÂTmcenareÁ `TavisTavad gaCenili~ TÂTmxilveli;
TÂTnebaÁ `Tavneba, urCi~; TÂTrCulebaÁ; TÂTufali `kadnieri~; TÂTZrvadi
`TviTmavali~; Tavis- da TÂT- komponentebs kompozitebSi sxvadasxva
semantika SeaqvT. Tavis- aris obieqtis semantikis matarebeli "себя, sich,
himself" mniSvnelobis fardi; xolo TÂT- _ `TviTon, сам, selbst" sakuTari
ZaliT moqmedis, refleqsuri agensis, aRmniSvneli. sityva Tavisufalis
gverdiT ori axalwarmoebis arseboba: TÂTmflobeli, TÂTmflobeloba da
TÂTÃelmwife, TÂTÃelmwifeba, gviCvenebs, rom Tavisufali sayoveldReo
leqsikis kuTvnilebaa, misi etimologia xelSesaxebi, cnobieri aRaraa da
rodesac konceptualurad gaazrebuli sakuTari Tavis mflobelobis
gamoxatva xdeba saWiro, es axali warmoebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
sainteresoa, rom osurSi Tavisuflebis cnebis aRmniSvneli sityva
iseve Cans nawarmoebi, rogorc qarTulSi. Aam cnebas aRniSnavs kompoziti
særībar iranuli warmomavlobis azat-Tan erTad: særibar adæm/ azat adæm
`Tavisufali xalxi~ (qarTul-osuri leqsikoni 1955;). v. abaevis
etimologiur leqsikonSi am cnebis aRmniSvneli ramdenime forma aris
warmodgenili: særībaræ, særībar/særebar `Tavisufali, Tavisufleba~.
kompozitis Semadgeneli nawilebia sær `Tavi~ da bar `ufleba, neba,
Zalaufleba~; ī/e SemaerTebeli xmovnebia. v. abaevi paralels avlebs
qarTul warmoebasTan Tavisufali da yabardoul sityvasTan sħäxuit
`Tavisufali~, sadac sħä aRniSvnavs `Tavs~, xolo xuit aris `uflebis
mqone~.Aabaevi wers: `am kompozitebSi `Tavi~ gamodis ukuqceviTkuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis rolSi: `Tavisi, sakuTari~; sakuTari nebis
mqone~. qarTulSi es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa: Tavi <_> Tavisi (abaevi
1979, 84).Aamrigad, kavkasiaSi qarTulis msgavsi warmoeba gavrcelebuli
Cans. CvenTvis kvlevis am etapze Znelia gadawyvetiT imis Tqma, qarTulis
gavleniT aris Camoyalibebuli osuri da yabardouli kompozitebi, Tu
damoukidebel warmoebebTan gvaqvs saqme, Tumca is, rom `Tavi~ am enebSi
ar aris ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeli saerTod da sxva kavkasiur enebSi am
funqciiT yovelTvis ar vxvdebiT kompozits, aramed xSirad `uflebis,
nebis~ aRmniSvnel sityvas, mainc pirveli SesaZleblobisaken gvibiZgebs.
Sdr. CeCnuri bak̉o `ufleba, Tavisufleba~. sakiTxi kavkasiur enebSi
Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs.
29
SemdgomSi ganzraxuli gvaqvs `Tavisuflebis~ cnebis etimologiuri
gaazrebis Seswavla sxva enobriv wreebSic. sayuradReboa Tavisufali
adamianis
aRmniSvneli
anatoliuri
sityvebi:
xeTuri
arawanni,
`Tavisufali (adamiani)~, likiuri arawa `Tavisufali (gadasaxadebisagan)~
romelTac, rogorc Cans, sameurneo gaazreba udevs safuZvlad. T.
gamyreliZe da v. ivanovi am sityvas akavSireben indoevropul *aru-sTan:
laT. aruum, `mindori~, berZn. άρουρα `saxnavi miwa~ da Tavisufali
adamianis aRmniSvneli leqsema `Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedis~ mniSvnelobidan gamohyavT (gamyreliZe, ivanovi 1984, 477). Eekonomikuri warmomavlobis terminad miiCnevs xeTur sityvas gr. giorgaZec. Tavisufals
xeTebi uwodebdnen adamians, romelic Tavisufali iyo iZulebiTi
Sromisagan _ Cveulebriv igulisxmeboda saxelmwifo an sataZro begara
(giorgaZe 1974, 299-308; 1999, 93-95; 96-105).
5. `Tavisuflebis~ cneba socialuridan individualuramde
amrigad, cneba `Tavisufalis~ aRmniSvneli warmoebebi sxvadasxva
droiT sibrtyeTa kuTvnilebad warmogvidgeba; isini vertikalur RerZze
SeiZleba ganvalagoT. ganxilulTagan pirveli samis etimologia `Tavisuflebis~ socialur gaazrebaze migviTiTebs. socialuri motivireba jer
aris biologiuri _ emyareba `zrdis~ koncepts: berZnul-romauli epoqa;
Semdeg mSvinvier-fsiqikuri _ emyareba `keTilganwyobis~ cnebas:
germanikuli enobrivi wre; Semdeg refleqsur-kuTvnileiTi _ emyareba
`sakuTaris, Tavisianis~ Sinaarss _ slavuri enobrivi wre; Zvel
qarTulSi
warmodgenilia
am
cnebis
individualuri,
sruliad
arasocialuri motivireba.
`Tavisuflebis~ cnebis individualuri gaazreba dokumenturad
dasturdeba ukve pirvel qristianul saukuneebSi. es ki Tavisuflebis
individualuri cnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis Zalian adreuli periodia.
kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi individualuri Tavisuflebis koncepti
yvelaze adre X saukuneSi Cndeba.
Tanamedrove gaazrebis Tanaxmad, `Tavisuflebis~ idea sami
nawilisagan Sedgeba:
1. erovnuli Tavisufleba _ erovnuli TviTgansazRvra, Tavisufleba
ucxo erovnebis kontrolisagan.
2. politikuri Tavisufleba _ Tavisufali arCevnis ufleba;
vfiqrobT, arsebiTad individualuri Tavisuflebis ideidan
gamomdinareobs.
3. individualuri Tavisufleba _ pirovnuli Tavisuflebis
kompleqsuri cneba, sxvaobs epoqebSi.
30
moazrovneebi,
romlebmac
specialuri
Sromebi
miuZRvnes
Tavisuflebis ideas, miuTiTeben, rom individualuri Tavisuflebis idea
gvian
Cndeba
kacobriobaSi.
sainteresoa,
rom
egviptur
enaSi
`Tavisuflebis~ aRmniSvneli sityvac ki ar arsebobda. Cinur filosofiaSi, magaliTad, konfucisTan, gvaqvs `wesrigis~ idea, magram ara gvaqvs
`Tavisuflebis~ idea. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi weren, rom Sua azias
dRemde ara aqvs individualuri da politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba.
aseve moaruli azria, rom ruseTs XIX saukunemde, da SeiZleba iTqvas,
dRemde ar ganuviTarebia politikuri da individualuri Tavisuflebis
mkafio ideebi. individualuri Tavisuflebis idea sakmaod adre yalibdeba
inglisSi. sayuradReboa inglisuri gamonaTqvami: `qari da wvima SeiZleba
Sevides Raribi ingliselis ojaxSi, magram mefe mTeli Tavisi
didebulebiT _ ara~. individualuri Tavisuflebis idea evropul kacobriobaSi X, XI saukuneebidan Cndeba. manamde yoveli adamianis
Rirebuleba socialurad iyo determinirebuli, iqneboda es erovnuli Tu
wodebriv-profesionaluri sociumi.
amdenad, saqarTveloSi sakmaod Tavisebur viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme:
Tavisuflebis
aRmniSvneli
sityva
etimologiurad
mTlianad
individualurad aris orientirebuli; amasTan, pirveli saukuneebi
uaRresad adreuli epoqaa individualuri Tavisuflebis ideis aRmocenebisaTvis. TviT Tavisuflebis aRmniSvneli sityvis etomologiuri struqtura farTo gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva: Tavisufali sakuTari Tavis
flobas SesaZlebelia gulisxmobdes fizikuri sxeulis doneze
(pirovneba ar aris yma an mona), an axorcielebdes fsiqikur TviTflobas,
TviTkontrols rogorc azrovnebis, ise grZnobisa da nebis doneebze. mas
SeuZlia daitios `Tavisuflebis~ rogorc arqauli gaazrebebi, ise
Tanamedrove da, albaT, aseve momavalSi warmoqmnili gagebebic. individualuri Tavisuflebis ideis aseTi naadrevi wamomoSoba qarTul enobriv
sinamdvileSi, vfiqrobT, Cvens winaSe ayenebs kiTxvebs eTnofsiqologiuri
da sazogadoebrivi struqturis sferoebidan, romelTa gaazrebac
erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi kvlevis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa;
radganac, rogorc humboldtma Tqva: `ena aris eris sulis produqti da
eris sulis Semecneba SesaZlebelia enaTa agebulebis safuZvelze~.
literatura
abaevi 1979 _ Абаев В. А., Этимологический словарь осетинского языка,
III, Ленинград.
31
andronikaSvili 1966 _ m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli
enobrivi
urTierTobidan, Tbilisi. baueri 1971 _ Bauer W., Griechisch-Deutsches Wőrterbuch zu den Schriften des
Neuen Testaments, Berlin.
benvenisti 1974 _ Бенвенист Э., Словарь индоевропейских социальных
терминов, Общая лингвистика, Москва.
gamyreliZe, ivanovi 1984 _ Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Иванов В. В., Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы, II, Тбилиси.
germanuli enis etimologiuri leqsikoni, 1959 _ Das Herkunftswőrtebuch,
Etymologie der Deutschen Sprache, Mannheim.
giorgaZe 1974 _ Die Begriffe “Freie” und “Unfreie” bei den Hethitern, Acta
Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XXII, F. 1-4 Budapest.
giorgaZe 1999 – gr. giorgaZe, xeTologiuri da qarTvelologiuri
Ziebani, Tbilisi.
dvorecki 1958 _ Дворецкий, Древнегреческо-русский словарь И. Х., I,
Москва.
lusti, eunikeli, hauspi 1992 _ Lust J., Eunikel E., Hauspie K., A GreekEnglish Lexicon of the Septuagint, Stuttgart 1992. fasmeri 1967 _ Фасмер М., Этимологический словарь русского языка, II,
Москва.
fasmeri 1971 _ Фасмер М., Этимологический словарь русского языка, III,
Москва.
futkaraZe 1993 _ S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi.
friski 1960 _ Frisk H., Griechisches Etymologisches Wőrterbuch, Heidelberg.
Staineri 1894 _ Steiner R., Philosiphie der Freiheit, Berlin.
cqitiSvili 2001 _ T. cqitiSvili, nebis Tavisuflebis problema SoTa
rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~, Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi,
30, Tbilisi.
Irine Melikischwili
Über den etymologischen Umfang des Begriffes der "Freiheit"
Vom Sozialen zum Individuellen
Zusammenfassung
Worte, die den Begriff der "Freiheit" bezeichnen, besitzen verschiedene
Etymologien in verschiedenen Sprachen. Durch die Betrachtung dieser
Bezeichnungen ergibt sich ein Bild interessanter inhaltlicher Entwicklung. Es ist zu
verfolgen, wie der Begriff, der früher einen sozialen Charakter trug, allmählich
32
eine persönliche, individuelle Qualität annimmt. Es werden vier verschiedene
semantische Wege der Bildung der Worte für die Bezeichnung des Begriffes der
"freiheit" betrachtet.
1. Das Lateinische liber und das Griechische eleutheros (frei) stammen von
der indogemanischen Wurzel xleudh- "emporwachsen, hochkommen".Von der
Bedeutung des Wachstums entwickelt sich die Bedeutung des Emporgewachsenen,
der Gestalt (got. laudi "Gestalt"), dann die Bedeutung "die Leute, das Volk" "Emporgewachsene aus einer Wurzel" und dann die Bedeutung des „freien
Menschen“, das ist der, der zu dem Volke gehört, da er aus der selben Stamm
emporgewachsen ist. Also von der Verbalwurzel xleudh´- „wachsen“ entwickelt
sich das Attribut x(e)leudhero-, der den Status des freien Menschen bezeichnet.
2. Eine andere etymologische Reihe bilden die Bezeichnungen der "Freiheit" im
germanischen Sprachkreis: im Deutschen frei, im Englischen free. Diesen Wörtern
liegt auch sozialer, kollektiver Sinn zugrunde, obwohl von mehr seelischer
Qualität. Sie stammen vom indogermanischen xprāi- "gernhaben, schonen;
friedlich-frohe Gesinnung"; mit Ableitungen: xpri-to, "geliebt", xprijo, prija
"Gattin", xprijotā "Liebe". Die Nachkommen dieser Wurzel sind belegt im
Griechischen, in indoiranischen, slavischen, germanischen und keltischen
Sprachen. Die Bedeutung „frei“ ist im germanischen Sprachraum entwickelt: got.
frijōn, ahd. frï , ags. frēo, frī, aisl. frijāls "frei", ursprünglich "zu den Lieben
gehörig": die Personen, die man liebt, und daher schützt, sind die eigenen Sippenund Stammesgenossen, die "Freunde", sie allein stehen frei, d.h. vollberechtigt in
der Gemeinschaft im Gegensatz zu den fremdbürtigen Unfreien (Unterworfenen,
Kriegsgefangenen). Frei und Freund haben gemeinsame Herkunft aus got. frijon
"lieben", Freund – alte Bedeutung "Blutsverwandter, Stammesgenosse", dann
"persönlich Vertrauter, Kamerad". Auch im Indischen und Slavischen sind solche
Bedeutungen entwickelt, wie priyā "Geliebte, Gattin" und aksl. prijatel "Freund,
Geliebter". Die gefühllsmäßige, affektive Herkunft dieser Reihe von Wörtern ist
leicht erkennbar. Also, auch in diesem Sprachkreis hat die Bezeichnung der
Freiheit den sozialen Sinn, aber mehr vom seelischen Charakter.
3. Eine andere Entwicklung zeigen die slavische Sprachen: Aksl. svoboda
"Freiheit" stammt von idg. xseųe/sųe "eigen, selbst", die abgeleitete Form xseųe/sue
„zum eigenen Volk gehörig“. In einigen indogermanischen Sprachen sind von
dieser Form die Worte für Sippenzugehörigkeit entwickelt: z.B. got. sibja , ahd.
sipp(e) "Sippe, Gesamtheit der eigenen Leute"; germ Suēbu, ahd. Swāba
"Schwaben". Das slavische Wort für "frei" hat auch den sozialen Sinn der
Sippenangehörigkeit; dieses Mal gründet sich die Bildung auf dem
Possessivpronomen und die persönliche Beziehung rückt etwas mehr in den
Vordergrund.
4. In georgischer Sprache ist der Begriff der "Freiheit" durch das Wort
tavisupali bezeichnet. Es ist zusammengesetzt aus den Wörtern tavi "Selbst" und
33
upali "Herr". Es entsteht die Bedeutung "Herr von sich selbst, der
Selbstbeherrscher". Das Wort enthält keinen Hinweis auf die soziale
Zugehörigkeit. Tavisupali ist der Herr von sich selbst und folglich kein Untertan.
Er ist unabhängig, hat keinen anderen Herren (upali) als sich selbst (tavi). Dieses
Wort ist belegt in den ältesten georgischen Übersetzungen des neuen Testaments,
aus den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten (IV-V Jh). Da entsprechen dem
eleutheros, eleutheria des griechischen Originals immer diese Worte tavisupali
"frei", tavisupleba "Freiheit". Dies ist belegt auch in den altgeorgischen
Übersetzungen des Alten Testaments, z.B. im Deuteronomium 15, 12 u.a.
Volglich, die Etymologien von den Worten eleutheros, frei, svoboda, tavisupali
stellen die Stufen der Entwicklung des Begriffes der "Freiheit" dar:
I. Frei sind die Menschen, die aus einer Wurzel emporgewachsen, in einem
Erbstrom geboren sind (liber, eleutheros, āzāt). Der Begriff ist begründet auf
den Ideen des "Wachstums, des im Erbstromgeborenseins".
II. Frei sind die Menschen, die in einer Sippe in seelischer Zuneigung vereint sind
(frei, free)
III. Frei sind die Menschen, die zu unserer Sippe, Gemeinschaft gehören, die
Unsrigen (svoboda).
IV. Frei ist ein Mensch, der sich selbst beherrscht, der Herr von seinem Selbst ist.
Erste drei Bildungen sind sozial-, die vierte aber individuell orientiert.
34
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
Teo CxeiZe
`avesta~ _ sufizmis erT-erTi wyaro
sufizmis erT-erT ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens Zveli iranuli
religia _ mazdeanoba, romlis kavSiri sufi poetebis SemoqmedebasTan
SesaniSnavad daasabuTa cnobilma iranelma mkvlevarma mohamed mo’inma.1
misi azriT, sufi poetebTan arsebuli `ideogramebi~ da `Sifrebi~ aris
maTTvis mazdeizmis reminiscencia, nostalgia Zveli iranuli Tavisufali
religiisa, romelsac axSobda oficialuri religiis kanoni. mo’inis,
bouzanis,2 diuSen-gilmenis3 da sxvaTa naSromebidan irkveva, rom sufi
poetebisTvis damaxasiaTebel simboloTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
_ mogvebis Rvino, kaTxa, samikitno, venaxi.
simboloebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs `avestaSi~ (Zveli
iranelebis saRvTo wignSi). goeTem, pirvelma evropelTagan, aRniSna, rom
iranelebi ar arian cecxlTayvaniscemlebi, rom isini adideben uzenaes
RmerTs, xolo cecxli, sinaTle maTTvis aris `RmerTis taxti~,
RmerTTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi ram da amitom misi simbolo4
zoroastris religiaSi. zoroastrul dualistur religiaSi keTili
sulis mier Seqmnil samyaros aqvs ori saxeoba _ materialuri da
sulieri, abstraqtuli. maT Soris arsebobs Tanafardoba da kavSiri.
zoroastrTan miwier samyaroSi eqvsi elementia: cecxli, wyali, miwa,
haeri, mcenare, cxoveli. keTil sulier samyaroSi maT Seefardeba
WeSmariteba, keTili fiqrebi, mmarTveloba (xelmwifoba), morCileba,
janmrTeloba, sicocxlis maradiuloba. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom eseni
abstraqtuli cnebebia, magram am uZveles sulier samyaroSi es cnebebi ar
aris abstraqtuli, isini Seesabameba moqmed Zalas da personificirebulia. isini arian RmerTis mier Seqmnili da mas emsaxurebian da
exmarebian miwieri problemebis mogvarebaSi. eqvsive warmoadgens
kacobriobis moralur Tvisebas. es ormxrivi aspeqti CvenTvis
(evropelebisTvis) sakmaod Zneli gasagebia. Cven aRviqvamT WeSmaritebas,
siwmindes (e. i. sulier Tvisebas) rogorc kacis Sinagans, romelic
gareT vlindeba. xolo zaraTuStras moZRvrebaSi igi aris garegani Zala,
1
M. Moïn, Mazdayasnā va ta’thir-i ān der adabiygāt-i Pārsi.Tehran, 1948.
A. Bausani, Persia religiosa, 1959.
3
I. Duchesne-Guillemin, La religion de L’Iran ancien, 1962.
4
citirebulia naSromidan H. Lommel, Symbolik der Elemente in der zoroastrischen
Religion, 1959.
2
35
romelic mas marTavs da amoqmedebs. CvenTvis is aris subieqturi,
maTTvis obieqturi da viTarca sulieri _ adamianze zemoT myofi. is
aris moqmedi da amitom unda gavigoT rogorc cocxali, pirovnuli.
gamoTqulia mosazreba, rom uzenaesi suli aris RmerTis gapirovnebuli
atributi.1 amitom adamianisTvis is ar aris abstraqtuli, aramed esaa
RmerTis mier boZebuli Zala, romelic emsaxureba adamians. amrigad, eqvsi
miwieri elementis zemoT dganan sulieri elementebi, romlebic arian
cocxalni da moqmedni.
WeSmariteba gansazRvravs adamianis beds. keTili fiqrebi moicavs
marTal azrebsa da grZnobebs. rac Seexeba Zalauflebas anu mmarTvelobas, igi gulisxmobs samarTlianobis ganxorcielebas materialur
samyaroSi. esaa Tanafardoba Zalauflebasa da mis ganxorcielebas Soris,
rac erTgvarad asaxulia mis aRmniSvnel terminSi xšatra-vairya-, xšatra-s
aqvs ori mniSvneloba: Zalaufleba da saxelmwifo. yovlismomcveli
RmerTis Zalaufleba vrceldeba saxelmwifozec. es ori cneba vrceldeba
mTel
sazogadoebaze,
mefidan
dawyebuli,
calkeuli
ojaxiT
damTavrebuli. amgvari mmarTveloba aris morCileba RmerTis winaSe. TviT
mefec aris morCili RmerTisa da misi neba-survilis winaSe.
Cveulebriv mmarTvelobasTan erTad ixsenieba `janmrTeloba~ da
`ukvdaveba~.
`janmrTeloba~
gagebulia
rogorc
RvTis
wyaloba.
`ukvdavebaSi~ igulisxmeba, rom adamianis sicocxle dausrulebelia,
masac zeciur siZlieres aniWebs RmerTi da materialur samyaroSi
sicocxlis dasrulebis Semdeg, igi grZeldeba zeciur samyaroSi.
metad Taviseburia simboloebis cneba Zvel iranul filosofiaSi;
mag., CvenTvis lomi aris vaJkacobis, gmirobis simbolo; arwivi _
aRmafrenis,
siswrafis,
zoroastrTan
Sebrunebuli
viTarebaa:
abstraqtuli cneba gamoxatavs materialurs.
erTgvar xidad da metad mniSvnelovan movlenad Zvel iranul
filosofiasa da sufizms Soris gvevlineba sohravardi, romelic
gardaicvala 1191 w. man Seiswavla iranisa da saberZneTis memkvidreoba.
misi moZRvreba dafuZvnebulia `aRmosavlur doqtrinaze~, e. i. iranul
sibrZneze. metad originalurad aqvs mas axsnili sinaTlisa da sibnelis
dapirispireba. erTia simbolo aucileblobis, meore _ SesaZleblobis.
mravali zoroastruli termini gadmotanil iqna Semdgom xanaSi, mag.
cnobili falauri formula pat nām i yazdān i rāyōmand i xv varrōmand kalkirebulia cnobil muslimur formulaSi bismi’llāh.
1
Lommel-is das. naSr. krebulSi Zarathustra, Darmstadt, 1970.
36
mecnierTa Soris kamaTis sagnad iqca anwār qāhira- `gamarjvebis
varskvlavi~, zogierTis azriT, esaa mr. ricxvSi gadatanili atāši Bahrām
mazdeanTaTvis metad principuli cecxli.
sohravardi aseve Rrmad icnobda berZnul filosofias da Tavis
SromaSi iyenebda mis debulebebs. amitom gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom man
moaxdina am ori filosofiis sinTezi da mis SromaSi inkorporirebulia
berZnuli da iranuli elementebi. sohravardis moZRvrebam mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa iranuli sufizmis ganviTarebaSi.
Teo Chkheidze
"Avesta" – one of the sources of Sufism
Summary
After the take-over of Iran by the Arabs and the consequent spread of
Islam, the new official religion expelled the Old Iranian Zoroastrian religion. The
connection with Old Iranian world and the Zoroaster’s teachings, however, still
existed. The Ideograms and ciphers found in the Sufi poets’ works could be
explained as nostalgia for the past and reminiscence of Mazdaism. The most
important symbols used by Sufi poets associated with older epoch are the priests’
wine, bowl, inn, and vine.
The "Avesta" – a collection of Zoroastrian sacred texts – is full of symbols.
In this Dualistic religion, the world created by the good deity has two sides –
material and spiritual, abstract, and there’s a connection and balance between these.
It needs to be said that abstract part is also effective and represents a power, a tool
for the deity to rule earthly matters.
The nature of symbols in Old Iranian world is peculiar as well. For
example, for us a lion is a symbol of heroism and courage. An Eagle is a symbol of
enchantment and speed. In Zoroastrianism, the situation is inverted – an abstract
notion convenes a material one.
Sohravadi (died 1191) played a great role in explaining the connection
between the old Zoroastrian religion and Sufism.
Many Zoroastrian notions were transferred into Islamic epoch, such as pat
nānı i yazdān i rāyōmand i xvarōmand is copied as bism’illah.
37
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
komunikaciuri lingvistika
rusudan asaTiani, nuca wereTeli
winadadebis sainformacio struqtura:
implikaciuri topiki qarTulSi
I. Sesavali
1.1. sakiTxis dasma
winadadebaSi informaciis struqturirebis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebebi
cvlis winadadebis pragmatikul Sinaarss da implikaciurad ufro farTo
konteqstur Sinaarsebs moicavs. am fenomenis sakvlevad Tanamedrove
enaTmecnierebaSi SemuSavda garkveuli meTodologia da GganisazRvra
ZiriTadi cnebebi, romelTa saSualebiT, met-naklebi warmatebiT,
SesaZlebelia winadadebis sainformacio struqturis kvleva. fokusi da
topiki winadadebis sainformacio struqturis ganmsazRvreli swored
aseTi ZiriTadi cnebebia.
1.2. fokusi
winadadebaSi fokusis garda warmodgenil informacias ewodeba foni
(Common Ground). orive maTgani gamoxatavs sxvadasxva datvirTvis mqone
informacias. fokusi ZiriTadad gamoxatavs axal informacias, romliTac
sainformacio nakadSi, ZiriTadad kiTxva-pasuxis diskursSi, ivseba
informaciuli xarvezi, xolo foni _ Zvel informacias, romelic
mosaubreTa saerTo safuZvels qmnis. mag.: kiTxvaze – vin daxata suraTi?
– pasuxSi: biWma daxata suraTi – fokusirebuli iqneba biWi, xolo fons
(Common Groud) qmnis komunikaciis aqtSi monawileTa saerTo ‘codna’ imis
Sesaxeb, rom viRacam daxata suraTi. sakomunikacio aqtis dros,
informaciis struqturirebisas, foni uwyvetad icvleba da ivseba
mopovebuli informaciisda Sesabamisad.
u. Ceifi aris erT-erTi pirveli mecnieri, romelmac enaTmecnierebaSi daamkvidra termini fokusi. igi saubrobda fokusze, rogorc
informaciis SefuTvis meqanizmze, romelic uSualod pasuxobs mosaubreTa sakomunikacio moTxovnilebebs. u. Ceifi fokuss uwodebs axal
informacias, romelic gamokveTili intonaciis wyalobiT warmoaCens
informaciis centralur nawils; xolo foni gamoxatavs Zvel informacias, romelic safuZvels qmnis axali informaciis mosapoveblad.
manfred krifkas azriT, yvelaze zusti gansazRvreba fokusisa unda
asaxavdes SesaZlebel pasuxTa alternativebis rigs. mag.: zemoT
moxmobil kiTxvaze – vin xatavs suraTs? – pasuxi SeiZleba iyos: biWi,
gogo, kaci, qali, mxatvari da a. S. am SesaZlebel pasuxTa alterna38
tivebidan, situaciisda Sesabamisad, irCeva erT-erTi, romelic swored am
SerCevis wyalobiT aris fokusirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare,
m. krifka
iZleva fokusis ufro zust definicias:
fokusi miuTiTebs im alternativebis arsebobaze, romlebic relevanturia lingvistur gamoxatulebaTa interpretirebisTvis.
amdenad, fokusi, zogadad, gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs interpretaciis
sxvadasxva alternativebi. fokusis sxvadasxva qvetipi swored am zogadi
ideis
sxvadasxvagvari
variaciaa.
fokusirebuli
SeiZleba
iyos
winadadebis sxvadasxva zomis Semadgeneli: mTeli winadadeba, saxeluri
Tu zmnuri frazebi an maTi nawilebi (zedsarTavebi, CvenebiTi an
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, garemoebebi da sxv.). zogjer gamoyofen
farTo da viwro fokuss. qvemoT moxmobil magaliTSi fokusi TandaTan
viwrovdeba B1-dan B4-mde (C. Gessenhoven):
A1: What else can you tell us about Helen?
B1: She [used to drive a Renault CLIO]Foc
A2: Has she driven any other cars besides Fords and Chevrolets?
B2: She used to drive [a Renault CLIO]Foc
A3: What kind of Renault did she drive?
B3: She used to drive a Renault [CLIO]Foc
A4: Does she drive a Renault CLIO?
B4: She [USED TO]Foc drive a Renault Clio
B1 farTo fokuss warmogvidgens, xolo B2, B3, B4 sxvadasxva saxis
viwro fokusebs. yvela pasuxi erTi da imave winadadebiT aris
warmodgenili, informaciul sxvaobas qmnis mxolod intonaciuri konturi, rac sxvadasxva fokusis maCvenebelia. am intonaciebis areva pasuxs
araadekvaturad aqcevs. magaliTad, A1-ze B2, B3, an B4 pasuxTa Sesabamisi
intonaciuri konturi araadekvaturi iqneba da sakomunikacio situaciis
rRvevas gamoiwvevs.
arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis fokusebi, magaliTad:
1.Verum fokusi, romelic winadadebis WeSmarituli Rirebulebis
fokusia. is ZiriTadad gamoixateba damxmare
zmnis
aqcentirebiT:
She DOES like broccoli
2. kompleqsuri
(Complex) fokusi, romelic or an met
Semadgenels aerTianebs da ver daiyvaneba erTamde: John only introduced
BILL to SUE.
3. mravalricxovani (Multiple) fokusi, romelic erTsa
da imave
winadadebaSi warmogvidgens or (an met) damoukideblad fokusirebul
Semadgenels: John only introduced BILL only to SUE.
4. kontrastuli (Contrastive) fokusi gvaqvs iseT SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac kiTxvaSive SemosazRvrulia
alternativebis
rigi.
is
gamoiyeneba
mxolod
namdvilad
kontrastuli
azris
gamosaxatavad:
39
A: What do you want to drink tea or coffee?
B: I want TEA.
5. amomwuravi (Exhaustive) fokusi gviCvenebs imas, rom is aris
erTaderTi swori alternativa: It’s JOHN and BILL that stole a cookie. (anu:
swored JOHN-ma da BILL-ma moipares namcxvari da sxvam aravin.)
6. Skaluri (Scalar) fokusis SemTxvevaSi (romelsac aseve
emfatikur (Emphatic) fokuss uwodeben) alternativebi dalagebulia
Skaluri principiT da fokusi aris am alternativebis yvelaze dabali
an yvelaze maRali (anu polaruli) elementi: WILD HORses wouldn’t drag
me there.
1.3. topiki
fokusisagan
gansxvavebiT,
topiki
ZiriTadad
Zvel
informacias
warmogvidgens da informaciis pragmatulad aqtualizebul nawils
gamoxatavs: zogierT SemTxvevaSi situaciis asaxvisas saWiro xdeba
informaciis dazusteba, misi pragmatuli Rirebulebebis gaxazva,
movlenebs Soris arsebul (an ararsebul) kavSirebze miniSneba,
informaciis
mosalodneloba-moulodnelobis
asaxva,
informaciaSi
implikaciuri an presupoziciuli mimarTebebis dafiqsireba da sxva
amgvari. topiki swored amgvar damatebiT informacias gadmogvcems da
ZiriTadad aris winadadebis is wevri, romlis Sesaxebac movipovebT
informacias. topikis dasadgenad yvelaze moxerxebulia frazebi: ras
ityviT X-is Sesaxeb? Semdgomi informacia swored am X-is Sesaxebaa da,
rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs gamonaTqvams: rac Seexeba X-s, is... Tu
fokusiT xdeba ucnobi informaciis Sevseba, topiki, piriqiT, cnobilia
da mis Sesaxeb vagrovebT damatebiT informacias.
fon der gabelenci iyo pirveli mecnieri, romelmac topiki gamoiyena mosaubris mier nagulisxmebi obieqtis aRsaniSnavad. im terminTa
Soris, romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikaciisas informaciis struqturirebas, topiki aris iseTi cneba, romlis identificirebasac axdens
mosaubre da romlis Sesaxebac Semdgomi informacia, anu komentari, aris
mocemuli. terminebi `topiki~ da `komentari~ xSirad gamoiyeneba e. w.
`fsiqologiuri subieqtisa~ (resp. is, razec fiqrobs mosaubre) da
`fsiqologiuri predikatis~ (resp. is, rasac am ukanasknelze fiqrobs
mosaubre) mimarT. magaliTad, winadadeba Aristotle Onassis married Jacqueline
Kennedy SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirebuli:
Aa. [Aristotle Onassis]Topic [married Jacqueline Kennedy]Comment
b.[Jacqueline Kennedy]Topic [married Aristotle Onassis]Comment
a-s SemTxvevaSi vsaubrobT, informacias movipovebT a. onasisis Sesaxeb
da, faqtobrivad, vpasuxobT kiTxvaze: ras ityviT onasisis Sesaxeb?;
xolo b-s SemTxvevaSi – J. kenedis Sesaxeb: ras ityviT kenedis Sesaxeb?
amgvarad, SeiZleba warmovadginoT topikis Semdegi definicia:
40
topikuri Semadgeneli aris erTeuli an erTeulTa simravle, romlis
Sesaxebac komentarSi gadmocemuli informaciaa mopovebuli.
arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis topikebi, magaliTad:
1. kontrastuli, romelic gviCvenebs kontrasts wina diskursul
TemasTan. is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes wina Temidan axal Temaze
gadasasvlelad, ramdenadac axal informacias gvawvdis ara Zvel, aramed
ZvelTan dapirispirebul, topikalizebul, SedarebiT axal Semadgenelze:
A: Do you think that Fritz would buy this suit?
B: Well, [I]Top certainly wouldn’t.
(am SemTxvevaSi mopasuxe B pirdapir ar pasuxobs A-s SekiTxvas, aramed
iZleva gansxvavebul, Tumca kiTxvasTan dakavSirebul, kontrastul, pasuxs).
2. nawilobrivi, romelic gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac mosaubre Tavs aridebs kiTxvaze pirdapir, amomwurav
pasuxs da Zveli informaciidan mxolod garkveuli nawilis Sesaxeb
gvawvdis axal informacias:
A: What did the pop stars wear?
B: [The female pop stars]Top wore [caftans]Foc.
(am SemTxvevaSic, mopasuxe B ar pasuxobs kiTxvaze pirdapir, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, amomwuravad).
3. implikaciuri, romelic gvawvdis informacias ara mxolod
moTxovnil
wevrze,
aramed
nagulixmeb
(ZiriTadad,
sapirispiro
situaciaSi myof) wevrzec:
A: What about the men, do they smoke cigarettes?
B: [Only men]Top smoke cigarettes.
(am pasuxSi igulisxmeba, rom mxolod kacebi (da ara qalebi) ewevian
sigarets).
1.4. topikisa da fokusis warmodgenis enobrivi saSualebebi
formaluri TvalsazrisiT, topiki da fokusi SeiZleba markirebul iqnes
sxvadasxva enobriv doneze:
1. fonetika-fonologiis (intonacia, maxvili, toni, specifikuri
fonetikur-fonologiuri procesebi: gamJRereba-dayrueba, asimilaciadisimilacia da sxv.);
2. morfologia-sintaqsis (morfologiuri markeri, specialuri
brunva, Serwymuli nawilaki an klitika; sityvaTa rigis cvla, elifsi,
specifikuri konstruqciebi, frazebis gagleja, tmesi da sxv.);
3. leqsika-semantikis (specialuri sityvebi, nawilakebi, artikli,
kvantoruli sityvebi: mxolod, marTlac, namdvilad, aseve, kidec da
sxv.).
xSirad es formaluri meqanizmebi Tanaarsebobs da Sedegad
vRebulobT rTul, kompleqsur enobriv modelebs, romlebic emsaxureba
41
informaciis struqturirebasa da SefuTvas winadadebaSi. formaluri
meqanizmebi xSirad implikaciuri xasiaTisaa (mag., sityvaTa rigis cvla
xSirad intonaciur gamokveTasac iwvevs da garkveul SemTxvevebSi
sintaqsuri mimarTebebis cvlasac; specialuri nawilakebis gamoyeneba
zogjer iwvevs winadadebis wevrTa Soris sintaqsuri mimarTebebis cvlas
da specialur intonaciur gaformebasac moiTxovs da sxv.). topikisa da
fokusis markirebis ZiriTadi universaluri meqanizmia specifikuri
intonaciuri konturi, Tumca arsebobs enaTa mixedviT gansxvavebuli
sxvadasxvagvari formaluri modelebic. enebSi, romlebic orientirebulia sainformacio nakadSi pragmatulad aqtualizebuli elementebis
konceptualur markirebaze, rogorc wesi, topikis aRmniSvneli
specialuri morfologiuri mawarmoebelic gamoiyofa (magaliTad, asea
iaponurSi). miuxedavad imisa, rom es procesebi enaTa mixedviT
specifikuria (yoveli ena Tavisi strategiis mixedviT axorcielebs
topik-fokusisa Tu sxva aqtualizebuli wevris formalizebas),
universalur maxasiaTeblebsa da niSnebze saubari mainc SesaZlebelia.
1.5. sakvlevi obietis dadgena; kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi
implikaciuri topiki, rogorc aRvniSneT, imiT aris gamorCeuli, rom is
damatebiT, damazustebel informacias gvawvdis saubris Temis Sesaxeb
da, imavdroulad, mas garkveulad upirispirebs, acalkevebs sxva
nagulisxmebi informaciisgan. specifikuri kontrastuli intonacia
garkveuli Semadgenlisa gulisxmobs kontrastul, sapirispiro informacias sxva obieqtze, rac nagulisxmebia da gamomdinareobs an zogadi
codnidan Cveni samyarosa da warmodgenebis Sesaxeb (zogadi implikaciuri
topiki) an, konkretuli situaciidan gamomdinare, am konkretuli
situaciuri codnidan (konteqsturad gansazRvruli implikaciuri
topiki). magaliTad, winadadebaSi: [ai qalebi] Top ar ewevian, igulisxmeba
Cveni codna da gamocdileba imis Sesaxeb, rom kacebi ewevian (zogadi
implikaciuri topiki). xolo situaciidan: sanadirod wavidnen biWi da
monadire. [ai monadirem ] Top mokla iremi – gamomdinareobs, rom biWma
ar mokla iremi (konteqsturi implikaciuri topiki).
Cveni amocanaa, gavarkvioT:
1. gamoixateba Tu ara formalurad implikaciuri topiki qarTulSi;
2. Tu ki, konkretulad ra formaluri modelebi gamoiyeneba qarTulSi
implikaciuri topikis gamosaxatavad;
3. ra rols asrulebs am modelebSi intonacia;
4. ra saxis sintaqsuri konstruqciebia damaxasiaTebeli implikaciuri
topikisaTvis;
5. Tu gamoiyeneba (da romeli) nawilakebi implikaciuri topikisaTvis
qarTulSi.
42
1.6. meTodologia
ramdenadac topikisa da fokusis formaluri modelebis moZiebisaTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bunebrivi sametyvelo situaciebi, saanalizo masalis mosapoveblad SemuSavda swored aseT bunebriv situaciaTa
mastimulirebeli saeqsperimento amocanebi, romlebic eyrdnoba potsdamberlinis proeqtis farglebSi SemuSavebul mravalferovan testebsa da
kiTxvarebs. testebi Sedgenilia situaciis ori ZiriTadi monawilis
topikalizaciisTvis (agenti, mimRebi): implikaciuri topikis realizeba
mowmdeba mxolod ori monawilisTvis (agenti, mimRebi). am amocanebis
gadawyvetis pirobebSi cdispirTa mier spontanurad warmoTqmul
gamonaTqvamTa simravle qmnis saanalizo erTeulTa bazas.
II. masalis mopoveba
2.1. eqsperimentis aRwera
implikaciuri topikis ZiriTadi enobrivi modelebis gamosavlenad
Catarda ori tipis eqsperimenti.
pirveli amocana: cdispirebs eZleodaT ilustrirebuli baraTebi.
maT unda exelmZRvanelaT Semdegi instruqciiT: cdispirebs ise unda
gaecaT pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvaze, rom ar daesaxelebinaT is piri,
romlis Sesaxebac gvsurda mogvepovebina damatebiTi informacia. amdenad,
topikalizebuli informacia winadadebaSi fiqsirdeboda ara uSualod,
aramed implikaciurad.
meore amocana: cdispirebs eZleoda erTi da igive, ornaxatiani,
baraTebi. erT-erTi cdispiris baraTze Semoxazuli iyo erT-erTi naxati.
Semoxazulnaxatiani baraTis mflobel informants ise unda gaeca pasuxi
dasmul SekiTxvaze, rom meore informanti, romlis baraTic ar Seicavda
Semoxazul naxats, gamoecno, romeli naxati iyo Semoxazuli.
eqsperimentSi monawileobas iRebda Teqvsmeti adamiani, ZiriTadad
studentebi – gogonebi da biWebi. muSaoba ZiriTadad wyvilebTan
mimdinareobda. cda tardeboda bunebrivi diskursis pirobebSi. cdispirebs
ilustrirebuli furclebi hqondaT darigebuli da maTi amocana iyo
spontanurad, bunebrivad, yovelgvari dafiqrebis gareSe gaecaT pasuxi
dasmul SekiTxvaze an aReweraT naxati. sul Catarda cameti sesia.
2.2. masalis Cawera
kiTxva-pasuxebis
Cawera
xorcieldeboda
warmoTqmisTanave
Praat
programaSi. es programa saSualebas iZleva dafiqsirdes fonetikuri
Canawerebi, romlis speqtogramazec aisaxeba winadadebis mTliani
intonaciuri konturi, tonuri cvlilebebi, maxvili, intensivoba da
xmovanTa formantebi.
43
2.33. masalis anotireba
a
mopovebuli masalis
m
anaalizi-anot
tireba xdebboda progr
rama Exmaralda-Si,
dac
yovel
l
winadaadebas
Seeesabameboda
sxvadasx
xva
parameetrebis
sad
Sessabamisad damuSavebul
d
i striqoneebi:
1. saerT
TaSoriso, laTinuri
l
a
anbanis
safu
uZvelze miR
Rebuli da
special
luri simbol
loebiT gamd
didrebuli,, trasliteeracia;
2. morf
femebad daSl
lili mimdeevrobebi;
3. morf
febebis Sesaabamisi glo
osebi;
4. ingl
lisuri Targgmani;
5. qarTu
uli anbanur
ri Canawerii;
6. fonetikuri Canaaweri;
7. fono
ologiuri Canaweri;
C
8. metyvvelebis naw
wilebis mixeedviT anot
tirebuli Caanaweri;
9. sintaqsuri funnqciebis mix
xedviT anot
tirebuli Canaweri;
C
10. semantikuri ro
olebis mixeedviT anot
tirebuli Caanaweri;
11. Semad
dgenluri struqturi
s
s mixedviT anotirebuli Canaweri;
12. axal
li-Zveli innformaciis mixedviT anotirebul
a
li Canaweri;
13. topiikis ganmsaz
zRvreli Caanaweri;
14. fokusis ganmsaazRvreli Caanaweri;
15. sul
lierobis mix
xedviT anot
tirebuli Canaweri;
C
III. mopo
ovebuli maasalis nimmuSebi
pir
rveli amoc
cana:
insstruqtorii aZlevs er
rT baraTs o
ori suraTiiT:
34-1
P.1: kac
P.2: qalii svams
ci eweva
insstruqcia: upasuxeT
u
kiiTxvas ise, rom ar axssenoT kaci,, ubralod
miu
uTiTeT qal
lze imgvarad, rom gasaagebi iyos, Tu ras akeeTebs kaci.
44
kiTxva: vin eweva?
pasuxi: ai, qali ar eweva
34-2
P.3: gogos da ara biWs axuravs qudi
instruqcia: upasuxeT kiTxvas ise, rom ar axsenoT gogo, ubralod
miuTiTeT biWze imgvarad, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu ras akeTebs gogo.
kiTxva: vis axuravs qudi?
pasuxi: ai, biWs qudi ar axuravs
meore
amocana:
implikaciuri
topiki
(uaryofiTi
implikacia)
instruqtori aZlevs erT baraTs ori suraTiT (romelzec ar aris
Semoxazuli arc erTi suraTi)
erT-erT cdispirs, meores ki imave
baraTs, sadac erT-erTi suraTi Semoxazulia:
34-7
P.8a: qali (da ara kaci)
kiTxulobs wigns
P.8a
P.8b: qali da Dkaci
kiTxuloben wigns
P.8b (Semoxazvis
45
gareSe)
instruqcia pirvel informants:
Tqvens partniors aqvs igive suraTebi, rac Tqven. Tqvens wyvilze erTi
suraTi Semoxazulia. Tqvenma partniorma unda gamoicnos, romelia
Semoxazuli da am mizniT unda gkiTxoT, kiTxulobs Tu ara qali wigns
Tqvens suraTze. Tqven upasuxebT rom kiTxulobs, rac cxadia orive
suraTidan. Tqveni amocanaa, ise upasuxoT, rom Tqveni partniori mixvdes,
kiTxulobs Tu ara meore piri wigns da, Sesabamisad, is gamoicnobs, Tu
romelia Semoxazuli suraTi.
instruqcia meore informants:
gTxovT hkiTxoT partniors, kiTxulobs Tu ara qali wigns Tqvens
suraTze?
pasuxi: ki, mxolod qali kiTxulobs wigns.
meore amocana: implikaciuri (dadebiTi) topiki
34-8
P.9a: qali da kaci qudebis
gareSe
= P.6a
P.9b: kaci qudis gareSe, qali
qudiT
= P.6b
=P.6b
=P.6a (Semoxazvis gareSe)
instruqcia pirvel informants:
Tqvens partniors aqvs igive suraTebi, rac Tqven. Tqvens wyvilze erTi
suraTi Semoxazulia. Tqvenma partniorma unda gamoicnos, romelia
Semoxazuli da am mizniT unda gkiTxoT, axuravs Tu ara biWs qudi
Tqvens suraTze. Tqven upasuxebT, rom ar axuravs, rac cxadia orive
suraTidan. Tqveni amocanaa, ise upasuxoT, rom Tqveni partniori mixvdes,
axuravs Tu ara meore pirs qudi da, Sesabamisad, is gamocnos, Tu
romelia Semoxazuli suraTi.
46
instruqcia meore informants:
gTxovT hkiTxoT partniors, axuravs Tu ara biWs qudi Tqvens suraTze.
pasuxi: arc biWs ar axuravs qudi
IV. masalis analizi
4.1. eqsperimentebis Sedegad dadasturebuli gamonaTqvamebi
eqsperimentis Sedegad dafiqsirda pasuxebi, sadac kargad Cans implikaciuri topikis qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
formaluri
modelebi (sul mopovebuli masala moicavs 13 winadadebas). nimuSad
warmovadgenT ramdenimes:
1.
ai qali, ar eweva.
47
2.
ai biWs, qudi ar axuravs
3.
ara, biWi marto ar aris navSi
48
Catarebulma eqperimentma gviCvena, rom qarTul enaSi implikaciuri
topiki, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba specifikuri intonaciiT. aseve,
gairkva, rom, marTalia, ara gvaqvs specialuri morfologiuri markeri,
magram nawilakebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben implikaciuri
xasiaTis informaciis formirebaSi, garkveulwilad aseTi `markeris~
funqcias asruleben. mocemuli cameti magaliTidan oTxjer dafiqsirda
ai nawilaki, orjer dafiqsirda mxolod nawilaki da TiTo-TiTojer
dafiqsirda swored, arc da -c nawilakebi.
4.2. nawilakebis analizi
warmodgenili masalis mixedviT naTlad Cans nawilakebis gadamwyveti
roli implikaciuri topikis gamosaxatavad. masalaSi dadasturda ai, -c,
mxolod, swored martivi da arc rTuli nawilakebi. am nawilakebis
funqciebisa da semantikis dasadgenad mogvyavs qarTul gramatikul
tradiciaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi:
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi ai nawilaki Semdegnairad aris daxasiaTebuli: 1. miuTiTebs imaze, rac xdeba an rac unda moxdes:Aai ris Tqmac
mindoda. ai erTi magaliTic. 2. igivea, rac hai:Aai, Se eSmako, Sena! ai
gidi! – igivea, rac hai gidi.
sulxan-saba orbeliani ai-s aigivebs aa-sTan da ase ganmartavs:
`ixile aqa, Tu viTar ganhyofs aobasa da myofsa. Mmyofi zogadi saxeli
ars arsebisa da SemTxveviTisa, rameTu arseba TaviT TvisiT myofi ars da
ara sxvisa Soris mqonebeli myofobisa da amisTvis qvemore damiweria
myofsa Tana. xolo aÁÁ raRaTa ganeyofos arssa, ixile meWvretman:
rameTu odes arsi anu myofi sTqva, myis Tanave gvarsa warmouyeneb
xedulisasa, raÁc xroa iyos gancdad xeduli igi. xolo odes oden aÁÁ
niSvnides, maT oden araobisagan ganhyofs da reca Tu a-Ta Soris
warmoaCens, magram ugvarod da pirSeupyroblad, da merme ukuanaÁsRa
zeda daurTavs a-sa, viTarmed raÁao, da miugebT TanganvliT, viTarmed
cecxli, airi anu gonebaÁÁ da suli da eseviTari raÁve gvari myofTa.~
49
akaki SaniZe ki ai nawilaks Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ai misaTiTebeli nawilakia: ai es kaci, rom geubnebodi, ai Seni wigni. SeiZleba
SeuerTdes iq da im sityvebs da miviRoT aiq, aim: aiq xidi aris, aim
ficarzed ramdeni buzi zis.
-c nawilaks Semdegi gansazRvreba aqvs: ca, c, c-c, c ki mimarTebiTi
nawilakia; gamaZlierebeli nawilakia.
-c nawilakis gameorebulad xmareba aucilebelia, Tu msjeloba
ukuTqmiTia. am SemTxvevaSi -c emateba ara winadadebis wevrs, aramed
ukuTqmiT nawilaks, ris gamoc miRebulia: arc-arc, aRarc-aRarc, verc-
verc, nurc-nurc.
swored ganimarteba Semdegnairad: 1. namdvilad, marTlac, zustad:
swored ase unda gakeTdes da ara sxvagvarad. biWi swored iq mivida,
sadac elodnen. 2. igivea, rac sworad: kiTxvaze sworad upasuxa.
mxolod nawilaki: 1. Aara umetes imisa, rac vinc aris. swored is
(isini), swored im dros, im adgils da a. S., - marto: manqanaSi mxolod
ori kaci ijda. mxolod axla dainaxa. jerjerobiT mxolod mercxlebi
mofrindnen. 2. igivea, rac oRond: wadi, mxolod droze dabrundi!
mxolod da mxolod = martooden, mxolod.
rogorc vxedavT, qarTul specialur literaturaSi TiTqmis
araferia naTqvami nawilakebis rolze winadadebis sainformacio
struqturis formirebaSi. am rolis gasaanalizeblad meti yuradReba
unda mivaqcioT ara mxolod nawilakebis semantikas, aramed maT
funqciasac.
n. Sengelaia nawilakebs arasrul sityvebs uwodebs. ramdenadac
arasruli sityvebis forma aris martivi, imdenad rTulia maTi semantika
da swored aseTi arasruli sityvebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba gamoixatos
sabolood molaparakisTvis sasurveli informacia. arasrulAsityvaTa
mniSvneloba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens raRac Semadgeneli
mniSvnelobebis erTianobas. isini warmoadgenen martiv formebs. maT calke
ar gaaCniaT sakuTari mniSvneloba, isini mniSvnelobas iZenen winadadebaSi
srulmniSvnelobian sityvebTan erTad xmarebisas. arasruli sityvebi
uzrunvelyofen logikurad azrobriv mTlianobas, erTgvarovnebas da
gabmulobas. arasruli sityvebis gareSe teqsti ubralo mSrali
winadadebebis mTlianobad iqceva.
am Mmsjelobis dadasturebaa eqsperimentebiT mopovebuli masalac.
metic, gairkva, rom nawilakebis roli teqstis mTlianobis formirebaSi
ganisazRvreba maTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirveladi funqciiT formalurad
gamoxaton
garkveuli
cvlilebebi
winadadebis
sainformacio
struqturaSi.
50
V.Ddaskvnebi
5.1 nawilakebis roli winadadebis informaciis struqturirebaSi
1. ai nawilaki cdispirebis mier gamoiyeneboda iseTi implikaciuri
topikis gamosaxatavad, romelic damatebiT, ZiriTadad sapirispiro,
informacias gvawvdida rogorc zogadi (34-1), aseve konkretuli
situaciis meore wevrze: 34-2, 34-3, 43-4. implikaciuri topikis
gamosaxatavad yvelaze xSirad swored es nawilaki dafiqsirda. sazogadod, sainteresoa, ai nawilakis zogadi funqcia: `miTiTeba+predikacia~,
rac mas a. vejbickas mier navaraudebi erT-erTi primitivis
(demonstrativis, substantivisa da predikaciis elementebiT) Sesabamis
enobriv realizaciad warmogvidgens. swored am funqciebis gamo, is
bavSvTa metyvelebis adreuli formebis aucilebel Semadgenels warmoadgens, rac, aseve, TanxmobaSia a. vejbickas mier winaswarmetyvelurad
`aRdgenil~ (ramdenadac inglisurSi msgavsi, sami funqciis gamaerTianebeli, semantikuri primitivis realizacia ar dasturdeba) primitivTan.
2. mxolod nawilaki sixSiriT meorea implikaciuri topikis
markirebis procesSi. is gulisxmobs, rom topikTa SesaZlebel
variantTagan erTi da mxolod erTia dasaSvebi situaciisda Sesabamisad
da is mxolod aseT konkretul SemTxvevebSia misaRebi: 34-6, 34-7.
3. EerTma cdispirma upiratesoba mianiWa marto nawilakis
gamoyenebas mxolod nawilakis nacvlad. am nawilaks, rogorc Cans, igive
funqciebi aqvs, rac mxolod nawilaks: alternativebidan SearCios
erTaderTi (34-9), Tumca Tavisuflad monacvle leqsemebad maT mainc ver
CavTvliT, ramdenadac arsebobs konteqstebi, sadac isini erTmaneTs ver
Caenacvlebian; mag.: marto kaci sikvdilSiac codoao. amis mizezi,
rogorc Cans, maTi gansxvavebuli funqciebia: mxolod kvantoruli
zmnizedaa, marto nawilaks ki SeiZleba hqondes, damatebiT, zedsarTavis
funqciac, amitomac fraza marto kaci sintaqsuri wyvilia (uSualo
Semadgeneli winadadebisa; e.i. aq igi srulmniSvnelobiania), maSin
rodesac *mxolod kaci sintaqsur frazas ver qmnis (e.i. is nawilakad
rCeba).
4. aseve erT SemTxvevaSi dafiqsirda ar+c nawilaki: 34-8. am
rTuli, nawarmoebi nawilakis funqciaa SesaZlebel alternatiul
topikTagan uaryofiTi niSniT gamoarCios erT-erTi imgvarad, rom
implikaciurad
meoris igive mdgomareoba daafiqsiros. es nawilaki
informantma gamoiyena kiTxvaSi mocemuli uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis
dasadastureblad imgvarad, rom iplikaciurad meoris Sesaxebac msgavsi,
uaryofiTi informacia mogvawoda.
5. swored nawilaki dafiqsirda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
informanti implikaciurad adasturebda kiTxvaSi mocemuli informaciis
51
sapirispiro informacias. sainteresoa, rom ‘uaryofiTi dadasturebis’
gasaZliereblad man gamoiyena kompleqsuri fraza: swored rom (43-5).
6. -c nawilaki Segvxvda, aseve, informaciis (mxolod dadebiTis)
dadasturebisas (34-10). rogorc Cans, swored da -c nawilakebis funqcia
aris ‘daTanxmeba, dadastureba’ situaciis mere wevris Sesaxeb damatebiT
msgavsi (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) implikaciuri xasiaTis informaciis
gadmocemis mizniT.
7. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom nawilakebi, rogorc mosalodnelic iyo,
ar dadasturda martivi implikaciuri topikis SemTxvevebSi: 34-11, 34-12,
34-13.
5.2. intonaciis roli implikaciuri topikis formirebaSi
sazogadod,
topikis
ZiriTadi
formaluri
niSania
specifikuri
intonaciuri
konturi,
romelic
gansxvavdeba
fokusirebuli
an
neitraluri frazis intonaciisgan. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia aRmavali
(magram ara imdenad, rogoric gvaqvs kiTxviT konstruqciebSi) intonacia
frazis sasazRvro dabali intonaciiT (LH*Lp). aseTive intonaciuri
konturi axasiaTebs implikaciur topiks. nawilakebi, ZiriTadad,
topikalizebul wevrTan erTad erT mTlian fonologiur (intonaciur)
frazas qmnian.
5.3. morfosintaqsuri modelebi
eqsperimentebma daadastura, rom qarTulSi implikaciuri topikisaTvis
specialuri
morfologiuri
markeri
ar
arsebobs,
sintaqsuri
Tavisebureba ki aris is, rom topikalizebuli wevri miiswrafvis
daikavos winadadebis sawyisi, ZiriTadad zmnis wina, pozicia.
literatura
asaTiani 2006 _ asaTiani r., intonaciis roli winadadebis sainformacio
struqturis formirebaSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, `universali~, Tbilisi
2006.
orbeliani 1991 _ orbeliani, s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli, `merani~, Tbilisi 1991.
SaniZe 1973 _ SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, `Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba~, Tbilisi 1973.
Sengelaia 2000 _ Sengelaia n., arasruli sityvebi da teqstis semantikuri
mTlianoba, `diogene~, Tbilisi 2000.
Ciqobava, WabaSvili 1986 _ Ciqobava arn., WabaSvili m., qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, enaTmecnierebis
instituti, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, Tbilisi 1986.
Чейф 1975 _ Чейф У. Л., Старая и новая информация, Значение и структура языка,
"Прогресс", Москва 1975.
Buring 1995 _ Buring D. Topic, Cologne University, Electronic Version.
52
Gussenhoven 2006 _ Gussenhoven C., Notions and subnotions in information structure.
Radboud Universiteit Nejmegen and Queen Mary, University of London, Electronic
Version.
Krifka 2006 _ Krifka M., Basic Notions of Information Srtucture, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin and Zentrum fur Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Electronic Version.
Skopeteas _ Skopeteas, S. (in collaboration with Cornelia Endriss), Implicational Topic.
ProjektD2: Typologie der Informationsstruktur. Questionnaire on Information Structure,
Universität Potsdam/Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Electronic Version.
Gabelentz 1986 _ Von der Gabelentz G., Ideen zu einer vergleichenden Syntax,
Zeitschrift für Volkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaf. 6, 1986, 376-384.
Wierzbicka 1996 _ Wierzbicka A., Semantics (Primes and Universals), Oxford, NewYork 1996.
Rusudan Asatiani, Nutsa Tsereteli
The Information Structure of a Sentence:
Implicational Topic in Georgian
Summary
Structuring of information proceeds through the foregrounding of certain
parts of the information. Any kind of ‘foregrounding’ (res. ‘Highlighting’, ‘Logical
Emphasis’, ‘Promotion’, ‘Standing out as the first, important’ and etc) could be
regarded as one, common phenomenon which represents the main strategy of
structuring of linguistic information. From this point of view Topic, Focus,
Subject, Theme, Point of view and so on – are the same as far as they represent
various forms of ‘foregrounding’.
The goal of the work is to study implicational topic in Georgian. The data
was experimentally accumulated on the basis of various experimental tasks that
were carried out within natural discourse. The data is recorded in PRAAT Program
and it is annotated in EXMARaLDA Program. On the basis of analyses some
conclusions were made and various means of topicalization were suggested:
Intonation patterns; Morpho-Syntactic devices and the role of particles in the main
models of topicalization.
53
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
oleg kapanaZe
ontologiur-semantikuri leqsikoni qarTuli enisaTvis
ontologiuri semantika aris Teoria teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb,
romelic iyenebs adamianis mier konstruirebul samyaros models, anu
ontologias, rogorc mTavar resurss bunebrivi enis teqstis
mniSvnelobis warmosadgenad.
ontologiur semantikaSi winadadebis
mniSvneloba miiReba amosavali teqstisadmi sintaqsuri analizis wesebis
gamoyenebis gziT. Semdgom sintaqsuri damokidebulebani ontologiur
urTierTmimarTebebSi gadaisaxeba da maTze dayrdnobiT dgindeba
amosavali teqstis leqsikur erTeulTa mniSvneloba. ontologiuri
semantikis gamoyenebaze orientirebuli muSa varianti
emyareba
statikuri codnis wyaros, kerZod, ontologias, faqtebis monacemTa
bazas, ontologiis bunebriv enasTan damakavSirebel leqsikons da
onomastikons, anu saxelTa leqsikons _ TiTo leqsikoni da onomastikoni yoveli enisaTvis.
am Teoriis qvakuTxedia samyaros formaluri modeli, romelic
aseve safuZvlad udevs leqsikons da warmoadgens baziss leqsikuri
semantikis
komponentisaTvis.
nebismieri
sistemisaTvis,
romelic
ontologiur semantikas efuZneba, mTavari sazrunavi aris codna, anu
samyarosa da enis Sesaxeb faqtebis codnis siRrme da moculoba;
amavdroulad aseTi sistemebis
Zalisxmeva mimarTulia statikuri
codnis wyaroebis asaTviseblad (romlebSic sityvaTa da winadadebaTa
mniSvnelobebi gamoxatulia ontologiis konceptTa nimuSebis saSualebiT) da onomastikonis dasaxvewad (romelSic moipoveba faqtebis
monacemTa bazidan Sesatyvisobani adamianebis, konkretuli adgilis,
dawesebulebaTa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb).
Axsenebuli oTxi statikuri tipis resursidan qarTuli enisTvis
xelmisawvdomia ontologiur-semantikuri leqsikoni, romelis samuSao
varianti sadReisod monacemTa daaxlobiT 4000 gverds moicavs. masSi
warmodgenilia saleqsikono statiebi qarTul da inglisur enaze:
qarTulad TviT saleqsikono statia da Sesatyvisi inglisuri erTeuli
mokle saenciklopedio ganmartebasTan erTad. saleqsikono erTeulebi
gajerebulia maTi Sesabamisi sintaqsuri da semantikuri monacemebiT,
romelic specifiuri formatiT aris warmodgenili. saleqsikono erTeulebi sistemis semantikuri komponentis meSveobiT samyaros aRweris
ontologiur models ukavSirdeba.
saleqsikono
erTeulis
mniSvnelobis
aRwera,
romelic
kompiuteruli damuSavebisaTvis aris saWiro, zogadad ufro farTo unda
54
iyos, vidre adamianisaTvis gankuTvnili leqsikonebia. idealur SemTxvevaSi yoveli mniSvneloba unda iqnes warmodgenili sintaqsuri da
semantikuri maxasiaTeblebiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs sityvisaTvis
mxolod erTi mniSvnelobis SerCevas, Tumca iTvleba, rom realur
situaciebSi es praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
leqsikonSi Semavali leqsikuri erTeuli iwyeba `saTauriT“,
romlis
SigniT frCxilebSi moqceul erTi tipis informacias win
uZRvis Sesabamisi akronimuli aRniSnva:
("Head word "- saleqsikono erTeulis `saTao sityva“ (saleqsikono
erTeulis orTografiuli varianti, metyvelebis nawilis Semoklebuli
aRniSvniT da am saleqsikono erTeulis farglebSi mniSvnelobis rigiTi
nomriT).
(cat – metyvelebis nawili miuxedvad imisa, rom zeda striqonSi
igi ukve aris naCvenebi)
(par –zmnis uRlebis da saxelis brunebis paradigma mxolod
qarTulisaTvis, sxva enebisaTvis es parametri ar figurirebs)
(morph – arawesieri morfologiuri warmoebis mqone formebi.
qarTulisaTvis es parametri ar gvaqvs leqsikonis erTeulebSi)
(anno –anotaciis zona, gankuTvnili saleqsikono erTeulis
ganmartebisaTvis (def), magaliTisa (ex) da sxva komentarisaTvis.
(def "")
(ex "")
(comments "")
∗
)
bolo sami parametri saleqsikono erTeulSi SeiZleba saerTod
iqnes ignorirebuli, an darCes mniSvnelobis gareSe.
saleqsikono erTeulis konkretuli magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT
arsebiTi saxeli advokati da zmna ganxilva, romelic lemis saxiT
leqsikonSi zmnis awmyos drois mesame piris formiT aris warmodgenili:
(advokati
(advokati-n1
(cat n)
(par 1)
(morph )
(anno
(def "")
(ex "lawyer-n1")
∗
daxuruli frCxilebi leqsikuri erTeulis calkeul Semadgenel nawilTa
vizualurad aRqmis gasaadvileblad am nawilis dasawyisis aRmniSvnel gaxsnil
frCxils unda eTanadebodes bolo striqonis Sesabamis svetSi.
55
(comments "")
)
(ganixilavs
(ganixilavs-v1
(cat v)
(par 0926bc)
(morph )
(anno
(def "go into [with human as a subj.]=discuss")
(ex `sabWom ganixila momavlis gegmebi“)
(comments "go-v19; He went into the reasons why this happened ")
)
saleqsikono erTeulis sintaqsuri struqturis warmosadgenad
gamoiyeneba valentobis aRsaweri sintaqsuri konstruqciebi, romelTa
konfiguracia damokidebulia saleqsikono erTeulis valentobaze. ase,
magaliTad, arsebiTi saxelis sintaqsur struqturaSi mxolod erTi
striqoni iqneba warmodgenili da igi konstruqciis Tavs, anu am
SemTxvevaSi saleqsikono erTeulis ekvivalentur arsebiT saxels
Seesabameba.
(syn-struc
((root $var0) (cat n))
)
zmnebisaTvis syn-struc
ufro rTulad aRiwereba. orpiriani
gardamavali zmnis SemTxvevaSi mas qvemoT warmodgenili saxe eqneba:
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(root $var0) (cat v)
(directobject ((root $var2) (cat n)))))).
orpiriani gardauvali zmnisaTvis _
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(root $var0) (cat v)
(indirectobject ((root $var2) (cat n)))))),
xolo sampiriani zmnis SemTxvevaSi –
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(root $var0) (cat v)
(directobject ((root $var2) (cat n))))
(indirectobject ((root $var3) (cat n))))).
56
sintaqsuri struqturis yoveli striqoni aRwers raime sintaqsur
funqcias – root, subject, directobject da a.S. TiToeuli maTganis
warmosadgenad aucilebelia informacia, romelic nebismieri mimdevrobiT
SeiZleba iqnes Cawerili da unda Seicavdes:
1. metyvelebis nawils, romelic Sesabamisi Semoklebis saxiT
Caiwereba cat parametris momdevnod da kompiuteruli programis mier mis
mimdinare mniSvnelobad aRiqmeba.
2. cvladis aRmniSvneli, romelic sintaqsur elements daakavSirebs
semantikur struqturasTan (sem-struc). arsebuli SeTanxmebiT sintaqsur
struqturaSi cvladebs Semdegi formati eniWebaT: $ + var + ricxvi.
magaliTad, $var1, $var2,$var3 da a.S. cvladebisaTvis survilisamebr
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes nebismieri naturaluri ricxvi 0-is garda.
igi erTaderTi gamonaklisia da yovelTvis sintaqsuri konstruqciis
mTavari elementis cvlads, anu Tavs unda mieniWos. igi semantikuri
struqturis arcerT elementTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, vinaidan $var0
rogorc Tavi mTlian semantikur struqturas Seesabameba.
garda xsenebuli sintaqsuri funqciebisa (subieqtis, pirdapiri an
iribi obieqtis saxiT) konstruqciis erT-erT elementad NP-saxelis
frazis warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi, mis Sesabamis kategoriad SeiZleba
miTiTebuli iyos rogorc n, aseve np,
romlebic sistemis mier
sinonimur kategoriebad aRiqveba. Mmagram Tu NP sintaqsur elementad
aris warmodgenili konstruqciaSi, misi kategoria aucileblad np-s
saxiT unda dafiqsirdes.
saleqsikono erTeulis semantikuri struqturis aRwera eyrdnoba
ontologiis models, romelic sawyis doneze sam zogad elements cnobs.
Eesenia obieqti (OBJECT), movlena (EVENT) da Tviseba
(PROPERTY), romelic Tavis mxriv SeiZleba iyos mimarTeba
(RELATION) an atributi (ATRIBUTE). semantikuri struqturis
agebis procesSi sintaqsuri aRwerisas gamoyenebuli cvladebi unda
dakavSirebul iqnen semantikuri struqturis Sesatyvis cvladebTan.
formalurad
maTi
erTmaneTisagan
gansasxavaveblad
semantikur
struqturaSi cvladebis win Tavsdeba `^“ niSani da verbalurad
gulisxmobs mis momdevnod Cawerili cvladis mniSvnelobas. Sesabamisad,
^$var1 ikiTxeba
rogorc `cvlad var1-is mniSvneloba “.
saleqsikono erTeulis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis ontologiuri
modelis erTeulebiT gadmosacemad arsebobs sxvadasxva saSualeba,
romlebic teqstis mniSvnelobis warmodgenisas (TMR - Text-Meaning
Representation) gamoiyeneba. Ppirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT umartivesi
SemTxveva, rodesac raime arsebiTi saxeli emTxveva ontologiur
modelSi mis obieqts, anu xdeba pirdapiri “zeddeba”. Aase, magaliTad,
veqili da advokati emTxveva ATTORNEY
qarTuli enis sityvebi
57
ontologiur obieqts da sintaqsuri struqturis Tavi $var0 pirdapir
Seesabameba semantikur struqturaSi warmodgenil erTaderT elements.
amgvarad, sruli saleqsikono statia ase Caiwereba:
(advokati
(advokati-n1
(cat n)
(par 1)
(morph )
(anno
(def "lawyer: professional legal adviser and representative")
(ex "")
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((root $var0) (cat n)))
(sem-struc
(ATTORNEY))
)
imisaTvis, rom ontologia SenarCunebul iqnes advilad aRsaqmel
da samarTav erTeulad, misma Semqmnelebma moaxdines ara yvela
mniSvnelobis `ontologizacia“, romlebic principSi SeiZleba aseT
proceduras daqvemdebareboda. davuSvaT, Tu SesaZlebelia mniSvnelobis
miReba uSualod ontologiuri konceptisa da misTvis raime Tvisebis
damatebiT, maSin am gzas eZleva upiratesoba. magaliTad, gamarTlebuli
ar iqneboda ontologiur modelSi erTdroulad warmodgenili iyos
koncepti da-Zma (SIBLING) da amasTan erTad, calke erTis mxriv, da,
xolo meore mxriv, Zma ontologiuri konceptebi. leqsikonis Sesabamisi
erTeulebis semantikuri struqturis aRsawerad Cven SeiZleba davtovoT
mxolod pirveli da ubralod davumatoT mas niSnebi `mamrobiTi sqesis
mqone“ (gender male) da `mdedrobiTi sqesis mqone“ (gender female):
(da
(da-n1
(cat n)
(par 3)
(morph )
(anno
(def ` da-ZmaTagan mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgeneli“)
(ex "")
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((root $var0) (cat n)))
(sem-struc
58
(SIBLING
(gender female))))
)
zmnebTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT aseve SesaZlebelia ontologiur
modelSi movlenasTan pirdapiri zeddeba, rodesac movlenis aRwera
srulad emTxveva leqsikuri erTeulis mniSvnelobas da semantikuri
rolebi, romlebic am movleniT aris gansazRvruli, Seesabameba
leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT moTxovnil rolebs. aseTi SemTxveva gvaqvs
qvemo magaliTSi:
(ganixilavs
(ganixilavs-v1
(cat v)
(par 0926bc)
(morph )
(anno
(def "go into [with human as a subj.] = discuss")
(ex `sabWom ganixila momavlis gegmebi “)
(comments "go-v19")
)
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat np)))
(root $var0) (cat v)
(directobject ((root $var2) (cat np)))))
(sem-struc
(DESCRIBE
(agent (value ^$var1))
(theme (value ^$var2)))))
)
xSirad ontologiur modelSi zogierTi movlenis aRwera
sakmaod kargad `ergeba“ raime leqsikur mniSvnelobas, Tumca saWiroa
xolme am ukanasknelisaTvis damatebiTi dazustebis, an SezRudvis
Semotana. magaliTad,
warmodgena
leqsikuri erTeulis erT-erTi
zmnuri mniSvneloba aris `Teatraluri speqtaklis an raime warmodgenis
gamarTva“. amitom zmnis pirdapiri obieqti unda miuTiTebdes Sesabamis
warmoadgens zmnis xsenebuli
obieqts
ontologiidan.
amrigad,
mniSvnelobis semantikuri aRwera gulisxmobs:
_ $var2-is mniSvneloba semantikurad SezRudulia movlenebiT,
romelTa
zeddeba
ontologiaSi
Teatraluri-warmodgena
(PLAY-THETER) obieqtebze xdeba.
_ $var2-is mniSvneloba (speqtakli an warmodgena) aris viRac
adamianebis,
an
dawesebulebis
mier
ganxorcielebuli,
rac
realizebuli iqneba sintaqsurad $var1-is saxiT.
59
Sesabamisi saleqsikono erTeuli Rebulobs Semdeg aRweras:
(warmoadgens-v1
(cat v)
(par 1128a)
(morph )
(anno
(def `speqtaklis an raime warmodgenis gamarTva“)
(ex `maT warmoadgines Seqspiris drama `riCard me-3“)
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(root $var0) (cat v)
(directobject ((root $var2) (cat n))))
(sem-struc
(^$var2 (sem PLAY-THEATER)
(CAISED-BY (value ^$var1))))
)
ontologiur modelSi Tvisebis rolSi SeiZleba atributi an
mimarTeba mogvevlinos.
es ukanaskneli amyarebs urTierTobas or
ontologiur koncepts Soris. rac Seexeba atributs, igi zogierT
ontologiur koncepts Seusabamebs konkretul ricxviT, an literalur
mniSvnelobas, anda mniSvnelobis raime xarisxs. Lleqsikuri erTeulebis
zeddeba
mimarTebaze gvxdeba Tandebulebis, zedsarTavi saxelebis,
zmnizedebisa da zogierT sxva kategoriaTa SemTxvevaSi. aseTi SemTxvevebi
gvaqvs qarTuli enis zmnizedebisaTvis, rodesac zeddeba xdeba
gansakuTrebuli-mimarTebis
(SPETIAL-RELATION)
tipis
ontologiur erTeulTan. magaliTad, leqsikuri mniSvneloba mimdebare-s
zeddeba BESIDE (gverdiT-mdebareoba) ontologiur konceptTan SeiZleba
Semdegnairad iqnes aRwerili:
(mimdebare
(mimdebare-adv1
(cat adv)
(morph )
(anno
(def "")
(ex `saxlis mimdebare quCa“)
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((root $var1) (cat n) (case gen))
(root $var0) (cat adv)
(object ((root $var2) (cat n)))))
60
(sem-struc
(^$var1
(BESIDE (value ^$var2)))))
)
Aatributze zeddebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom erTi argumenti
gvevlinebodes konceptad, meore ki literalur mniSvnelobas, an aseTi
mniSvnelobis raime sazoms warmoadgendes. ontologiuri modelis
atributebi
iyofa
literalur-atributebad,
romelTac
literaluri mniSvneloba aqvT, da skalarlur-atributebad. maTi
mniSvneloba SeiZleba iyos gamoTvlili raime 0-sa da 1-s Soris arsebul
Skalaze (cvlilebis are), an gaaCndeT namdvili mniSvneloba iseTi,
rogoric gvxvdeba magaliTSi `fexburTis moednis sigane aris 60
metri“.
literaluri-atributis
magaliTia
sqesi
mniSvnelobiT
mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi.
magaliTad, rogorc ukve naCvenebi iyo,
aRiwereba da-Zma
konceptis da sqesis
leqsikuri mniSvneloba da
Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis gamoyenebiT:
(sem-struc
(SIBLING
(gender female))
)
msgavsadve
ucolo SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc adamiani
(HUMAN), romlis literalur-atributTa rolSi gvevlinebian
mniSvnelobebi sqesi: mamrobiTi (gender male) da ojaxuri-statusi:
ucolo (merital-status: single):
(sem-struc
(HUMAN
(gender male)
(merital-status single))
)
saWiroa xazi gaesvas, rom TavisTavad literalur-atributTa
mniSvnelobani konceptebs ar warmoadgenen.
rac Seexeba skalarul-atributebs, mis erT-erT magaliTad
SeiZleba davasaxeloT atributi asaki (age). magaliTad, Tu Cven gvinda
aRvweroT leqsikuri erTeuli mecxre klaseli, Cven SeiZleba misi asaki
aRvweroT, davuSvaT, < > 14-15 Soris:
(sem-struc
(HIGH-SCHOOL_STUDENT
(age (<> 14 15)))
)
gansakuTrebulad xazi unda gavusvaT, rom
61
_ SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, asaki skalaruli-atributis sazomi
erTeuli aris wlebi. zogadad ki SeTanxmebuli sazomis tipi
yovelTvis miTiTebulia ontologiur freimSi.
_ saWiroa calke yuradReba mieqces frCxilebs ricxvebisa da
Sualedebis warmodgenisas:
(age 14)
(age (> 14))
(age (<> 14 15))
garda ganxiluli saSualebebisa ontologiuri mniSvnelobebis
gadmosacemad TMRs (Text-Meaning Representations) iyenebs mraval sxva
xerxs. qvemoT Cven mokled SevexebiT am mizniT SemuSavebul ramdenime
proceduras: Null-Sem (semantikurad ararelevanturi elementi), Refsem
(rTuli semantikuri erTeuli), Modality (modaloba), Aspect (aspeqti),
Time (dro),
Meaning
Procedures
(mniSvnelobis
gamosaTvleli
procedurebi).
semantikurad ararelevanturi elementi (null-sem) aRniSnavs, rom
mocemuli erTeuli ar ukavSirdeba raime semantikur mniSvnelobas.
qarTuli enis teqstis aRwerisas igi yvelaze xSirad Tandebulebs
Seesabameba. MmagaliTad, winadadebaSi
man suraTi kedelze daxata,
-ze Tandebuli gviCvenebs zemoqmedebis mimarTulebas kedlisadmi. amdenad,
vinaidan kedeli gamodis mimarTulebaM(DESTINATION) semantikuri
konceptis rolSi, sintaqsur struqturaSi dafiqsirebuli ubralo
Tavi
(Tandebuli
–ze)
semantikurad
damatebis
(kedelze)
ararelevanturia ontologiuri aRwerisaTvis da warmoidgineba (null-sem
+) saxiT.
rTuli semantikuri erTeuli (refsem) gamoiyeneba iseT SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac raime semantikuri poziciis Sesavseblad ar aris sakmarisi
martivi elementi da saWiroa kompleqsuri erTeulis warmodgena,
romelic
ganpirobebulia
movlena-tipis
konceptis
xasiaTidan
gamomdinare. magaliTad, winadadeba
kacma qals daqorwineba SesTavaza,
mogvcems Semdeg korelacias sintaqsur
Soris:
(sTavazobs
(sTavazobs-v1
(cat v)
:
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
62
da
semantikur
struqturas
(root $var0) (cat v)
(indirectobject ((root $var2) (cat n))
(directobject ((root $var3) (cat n))))
(sem-struc
(PROPOSE
(agent (value ^$var1))
(theme (value refsem1))
(beneficiary (value ^$var3))
(refsem1
(MARRY
(agent (value ^$var1))
(agent (value ^$var2))))
)
modaloba (modality) SeiZleba vrceldebodes mTels gamonaTqvamze,
an gamonaTqvamis Tavze da gvxvdeba iseT zmnebTan, romlebsac damatebis
rolSi sawyisis forma, an msgavsi semantikuri xasiaTis infinitiuri
konstruqciebi esaWiroebaT. am tipis zmnebi gamoxataven mosaubris
damokidebulebas gamonaTqvamis zmniT gamoxatuli mniSvnelobis mimarT da
akonkreteben mis Sinaarss. Sesabamisad, gvaqvs modalobis Semdegi tipebi:
epistemiuri: SeiZleba, dasaSvebia, mosalodnelia da a.S.
rwmenis gamomxatveli: eCveneba, hgonia, fiqrobs, eWvobs, uSvebs,
sjera da a.S.
valdebulebis gamomxatveli: aucilebelia, valdebulia, Aar aris
aucilebeli da a.S.
nebelobis gamomxatveli: SeuZlia, ar SeuZlia, neba aqvs, ekrZaleba
da a.S.
potenciurobis gamomxatveli: Seswevs unari, ZaluZs, xelewifeba
da a.S.
ganzraxvis gamomxatveli: gegmavs, ganixilavs, eswrafvis, fiqrobs,
hpirdeba da a.S.
Zalisxmevis maCvenebeli: cdilobs, Zalisxmevas mimarTavs.
survilis gamomxatveli: unda, surs, imedovnebs.
saWiroebis gamomxatveli: mTavaria, saWiroa, Aar aris saWiro.
semantikurad modalobis gadmocema xdeba semantikur struqturaSi
misi Sesabamisi maxasiaTebeli niSnebis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobaTa erTobliobiT, romelic modality-is qveS erTiandeba. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT winadadeba
me darwmunebuli var warmatebaSi,
aris modaloba warmodgenili
da vnaxoT, Tu rogor
struqturaSi:
(darwmunebuli
(darwmunebuli-adj1
63
semantikur
(cat adj)
:
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(adj((root $var0) (cat adj)
(root $var2) (cat v)
(pp-adjunct
((root -Si) (root $var4) (cat pp)
(obj ((root $var3) (cat n) (case gen))))))
(sem-struc
(modality
(type belief)
(value 1)
(scope (value ^$var3))
(attributed-to(mods (value ^$var1)))
(^$var3) (null-sem +))
(^$var4) (null-sem +))))
)
aspeqtualuri (Aspect) mniSvnelobis warmodgena
ontologiur
semantikaSi ori niSan_Tvisebis fazisa da iteraciis maxasiaTeblebis
saSualebiT xdeba. pirveli maTgani oTxi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba mogvevlinos – dasawyisi, gagrZeleba, dasasruli da dasawyisi/
gagrZeleba/dasasruli.
bolo mniSvneloba faravs im tipis
movlenebs, romlebic adamianisaTvis Cveul Sefasebis droiT skalaze
momentalur procesad aRiqmeba. bunebrivia, am movlenebs, SeiZleba metad
umniSvnelo, magram mainc garkveuli droiTi xangrZlivoba aqvT.
iteracia, romelic procesis ganmeorebadobas Seesabameba, warmodgenilia raime konkretuli ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT, an ganusazRvreli
mravaljeradi mniSvnelobis saSualebiT. Ffazis mniSvneloba Seesabameba
raime procesSi droiT safexurs, da miuTiTebs mis sawyis (BEGIN), an
dasasrul (END) fazaze, an ar gulisxmobs am orTagan arcerTs
(CONTINUE).
aspeqtualur zmnaTa tipiuri warmomadgenlebia daiwyo, Seudga,
gaagrZela Sewyvita, daasrula, miatova. magaliTad, gaagrZela zmnis erTerTi SesaZlo mniSvnelobaTagani gvaZlevs Semdeg saleqsikono erTeuls:
(agrZelebs
(agrZelebs-v1
(cat v)
(par 1128a)
(morph )
(anno
(def "phrasal 'go on' meaning 'continue'")
64
(ex `man gaagrZela kiTxva“)
(comments " go-v1")
)
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(root $var0) (cat v)
(directobject ((root $var2) (cat (or nv np))))))
(sem-struc
(^$var2 (sem EVENT)
(AGENT (value ^$var1))
(phase continue)))
)
teqstis mniSvnelobis warmodgenis (TMRs) elementTa
droiTi
(Time) maxasiaTeblebi
gamoixateba martiv parametrTa simravliT,
romelSic Sedis ontologiuri mimarTebebi win/adre (<) da gacilebiT
adre (<<), maTi Sebrunebuli variantebi Semdeg (>), gacilebiT gvian
(>>). amaT ematebaT konceptebis
sawyisi-dro, dasrulebis-dro,
warmoTqmis-dro, xangrZlivoba da drois sazomi erTeulebi, romelTa
Soris
zogierTi
ontologiuri
konceptia.
TviT
ontologiur
semantikaSi dro SeiZleba aRiweros sxvadasxva saSualebiT:
1. rogorc ontologiuri mimarTeba xangrZlivoba-Cveulebrivi
(DURATION-TYPICAL)
2.
rogorc ontologiuri DdroiTi-erTeulebi (dRe, saaTi)
(TEMPORAL-UNITS)
3.
rogorc Aaraontologiuri droTi mimarTeba (adre, Semdeg da
a. S.)
4. rogorc Adroze-orientirebuli mniSvnelobis mqone proceduris
funqcia.
realuri drois gamoxatva ar aris ontologiis mizani, romelic
TavisTavad teqstis mniSvnelobis warmodgenis (TMRs) nawilia.
miuxedavad amisa xangrZlivoba-Cveulebrivi ontologiur kategorias ganekuTvneba, vinaidan igi movlenis zogad niSnad ganixileba da ar
gvevlineba am movlenis raime konkretul maxasiaTebelad. amis magaliTad,
Cven SeiZleba moviyvanoT fexburTis matCis xangrZlivobis ganmarteba,
romelic saaTnaxevars Seadgens. Ppraqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT
xangrZlivoba-Cveulebriv mimarTebas umravles SemTxvevaSi leqsikonis erTeulebSi an TMR-Si versad SexvdebiT. ontologiaSi misi
gamoyeneba mxolod daskvnebis miRebis procesSi aris saWiro.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aucilebelia raime samyaroseuli realuri
movlenaSi xangrZliobis aRniSnva, gamoiyeneba MmniSvnelobis gamosaTvleli procedura, romelic akavSirebs erTmaneTTan yovelives cnobils
sawyisi-drois, dasrulebis-drois da saerTod drois Sesaxeb.
65
droiTi-erTeulebi,
romlebic ontologiaSi aris warmodgenili, Semdeg gvar-saxeobriv ierarqias eqvemdebarebian:
droiTi-erTeuli
SuadRe
saukune
dRe
orSabaTi
samSabaTi
:
dekada
saRamo
fiskaluri-kvartali
saaTi
wuTi
Tve
ianvari
Tebervali
:
dila
wami
kvira
weli
fiskaluri-weli
isini gamoiyenebian, rodesac Cven vsaubrobT drois Sesaxeb
abstraqtuli TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, erTi saaTi sakmao droa, Mmaisi
Cemi sayvareli Tvea.
rac Seexeba TMR-is saSualebiT warmodgenil
winadadebas aTi wuTi sakmao droa, igi aTi wuTi-is warmosadgenad
Semdeg Canawers unda Seicavdes:
(set
(member-type minute)
(cardinality 10)
)
Aaraontologiur droT mimarTebaTagan, romlebic leqsikonsa da
TMR-Si gamoiyeneba, sawyisi-dro, dasrulebis-dro da dro ar aris
ontologiuri erTeulebi, vinaidan isini gamoxataven samyaroseul
movlenaSi warmodgenil realur dros. magaliTad:
TamaSi saRamos 8 saaTze daiwyo
(sawyisi-dro)
filmi dilis 7 saaTze dasrulda (dasrulebis-dro)
me saxlSi saRamos 8 saaTze wavedi (dro)
absoluturi dro aris nebismieri dro, romelsac realuri ricxvi
da dro SeiZleba mieweros. igi iSviaTad gvxvdeba leqsikonSi, magram
TMR-Si misi gamoyeneba zogadi formatiT ganisazRvreba:
66
(time
(absolute-time
(year YYYY)
(month MM)
(day DD)
(hour HH)
(minute MM)
(seconds SS.FFFF)))
droze-orientirebuli mniSvnelobis mqone procedurebs viyenebT
leqsikonis erTeulebisa da teqstis damuSavebis procesSi, rodesac
saWiroa drois aTvlis wertilis (anchor-time) dafiqsireba. erT-erTi
aseTi combine-time (daakavSire dro) proceduraa, romelic axdens
drois aTvlis raime wertilis dakavSirebas teqstSi arsebul sxva
droiT informaciasTan da 3 arguments saWiroebs:
time1
time2
before/after
time1 SeiZleba iyos absoluturi an realaciuri, time2 ki,
aucileblad absoluturi drois maCvenebelia. am tipis mniSvnelobis
gamosaTvleli procedura gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac saWiroa realuri
gamoTvlis Catareba drois aTvlis wertilisa da teqstSi mocemuli
zogierTi sxva mniSvnelobis daxmarebiT.
ganvixiloT droiTi xasiaTis gamonaTqvamis ori magaliTi, sadac
cl(ause) sintaqsuri funqcia am SemTxvevaSi martiv winadadebas Seesabameba:
(win - adv1
(cat adv)
:
(anno
(def “indicates a time in the past“)
(ex `10 wlis win man skola daamTavra“)
)
(syn-struc
((n((root $var1) (cat n) (case gen)))
(adv((root $var0) (cat adv)))
(cl((root $var2) (cat cl)))))
(sem-struc
(^$var1 (sem (or EVENT TEMPORAL-UNIT)))
(^$var2 (time (combine-time (find-anchor-time)
^$var2 before)))
)
67
(Semdeg-adv1
(cat adv)
:
(anno
(def “ a temporal relation; absolute time“)
(ex `leqciis Semdeg me bankSi waval“)
)
(syn-struc
((n((root $var1) (cat n) (case gen)))
(adv((root $var0) (cat adv)))
(cl((root $var2) (cat cl)))))
(sem-struc
(^$var1
(sem EVENT)
(time (> (value ^$var2.time))))
(^$var2
(sem EVENT)))
)
mniSvnelobis gamosaTvleli procedurebi (Meaning Procedures)
saWiroa konteqstis Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis gamoTvlaTa Casatareblad.
es iseTi SemTxvevebia, rodesac aseTi aRwera pirdapir ver xerxdeba im
cvladebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic Seesabamebian bazuri semantikuri
damokidebulebis struqturis komponentTa mniSvnelobebs.
seek-specification (moZebne maxasiaTeblebi) mraval- miznobrivi
daniSnulebis proceduraa da saWiroa movlenis an mimarTebis Semdgomi
niSnebis dazustebiT aRsawerad. amisaTvis igi iyenebs zedapirul
argumentebs da damatebebs martivi winadadebis (clause) farglebSi.
magaliTad, zmnis mniSvnelobisaTvis winadadebidan
Mman Sehqmna qandakeba,
warmodgenili iqnebaASemdegi saleqsikono erTeuli:
(hqmnis
(hqmnis-v1
(cat v)
:
(anno
(def "to engage in the activity that brings something into being
of physical objects")
(ex `man Sehqmna filmi“; `iraklim Sehqmna jari“)
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(root $var0) (cat v)
68
(directobject ((root $var2) (cat n)))))
(sem-struc
(refsem1
(CREATE-ARTIFACT
(AGENT (value ^$var1))
(THEME (value ^$var2))
(phase continue))))
(meaning-procedure
(seek-specification (value refsem1)
(value ^$var1) (value ^$var2)))
)
analizatorma moaxdina procedurebis ganzogadeba, romlebic
cdiloben ufro zustad aRweron semantika, Tu amisaTvis saWiroa
mocemuli
konteqstis
damuSaveba
calsaxobis
(disambiguation)
uzrunvelsayofad.
avtorTa
mosazrebiT,
aseTi
mniSvnelobis
gamosaTvleli proceduris arseboba aucileblia, vinaidan proceduruli
semantika gvexmareba zedapiruli sintaqsis argumentebis naTlad
warmodgenaSi, raTa moxdes maTi semantikur warmodgenaSi asaxva.
apply-meaning (Seusabame mniSvneloba) aseve
mraval-miznobrivi
daniSnulebis proceduraa. igi saSualebas iZleva aRvweroT, Tu rogor
gvsurs raime saleqsikono erTeulSi cvladebis urTierTkombinireba
moxdes. magaliTad, kavSiri da winadadebisaTvis
kargad da swrafad siaruli
Rebulobs Semdeg aRweras:
(da-conj
(cat conj)
:
(anno
(def " ‘and’ when it joins adverbs ")
(ex `swrafad da energiulad siaruli" )
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((adv ((root $var1) (cat adv)))
(root $var0) (cat conj)
(adv ((root $var2) (cat adv)))
(root $var3) (cat v)))))
(sem-struc
(^$var1 (null-sem +))
(^$var2 (null-sem +))))
(meaning-procedure
(apply-meaning (value ^$var1)(value ^$var3))
(apply-meaning (value ^$var2)(value ^$var3)))
69
)
amgvarad, da saleqsikono erTeulisaTvis, rodesac igi zmnizedebs
akavSirebs, unda moviqceT Semdegnairad:
1. aRvweroT im sintagmis sruli sintaqsuri struqtura, romlis
warmodgenasac vcdilobT;
2. sintaqsurad ararelevantur elementad (null-sem +)
miviCnioT
var1 da var2, raTa maTi Sesabamisi saleqsikono erTeulebis sintaqsuri
analizi aviciloT Tavidan zmnizedebis mniSvnelobis gansasazRvravad
gamoviyenoT apply-meaning (Seusabame mniSvneloba) procedura, romelic
amisaTvis Sesabamis cvladebs daeyrdnoba.
mniSvnelobis gamosaTvleli procedura fix-case-role (daazuste
semantikuri roli) amowmebs, misaRebia, Tu ara argumentiT navaraudevi
semantikuri roli
(Cveulebriv AGENT).
uaryofiTi daskvnis
SemTxvevaSi procedura argumentisaTvis irCevs Sesaferis semantikur
rols misi da zmnis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare. Aase, magaliTad, zmnis
mniSvnelobisaTvis, romelic realizebulia winadadebaSi
maT prezidents gadadgoma aiZules
miviRebT Semdeg aRweras:
(aiZulebs
(aiZulebs-v1
(cat v)
(anno
(def "force someone to do something")
(ex "" )
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((subject ((root $var1) (cat n)))
(indirectobject ((root $var2) (cat n)))
(directobject ((root $var3) (cat n)))
(root $var0) (cat v)))
(sem-struc
(^$var3
(AGENT (value ^$var2))
(caused-by (value ^$var1))))
(meaning-procedure
(fix-case-role (value ^$var2) (value ^$var3)))
)
garda amisa gvaqvs kidev ori droiTi mniSvnelobis gamosaTvleli
procedura - combine -time (daakavSire dro) da find-anchor-time (ipovne
drois aTvlis wertili). Ppirvelis Sesaxeb Cven ukve visaubreT zemo
70
nawilSi. rac Seexeba meores mniSvnelobis gamosaTvlel procedura
find-anchor-time - igi eZebs absolutur dros, romelTa mimarT guSin,
or saaTSi da msgavsi gamonTqvamebi ixmareba. es saSualebas iZleva
gamoTvlil iqnes realuri dro an droiTi intervali. mraval
SemTxvevaSi leqsikuri erTeulis semantikuri warmodgena sakmarisia
gamoTvlisaTvis raime damatebiTi programis CarTvis gareSe. magaliTad:
(Soreul_warsulSi
(Soreul_warsulSi - adv
(cat adv)
(anno
(def "indicates a time in the distant past")
(ex `igi gardaicvala Soreul_warsulSi“)
(comments "")
)
(syn-struc
((cl ((root $var1) (cat cl)))
(adv(root $var0) (cat adv)))))
(sem-struc
(^$var1(time (<< (find-anchor-time)))))
)
aRweril meta-enas eyrdnoba qarTuli enis ontologiur-semantikuri
leqsikoni, romelic Tavis
mxriv safuZvlad unda daedos
ontologiuri semantikis gamoyenebiT am enis kompiuterul damuSavebas.
ontologiuri semantikis zogadi modeli
da
leqsikonis agebis
principebi Seiqmna amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi niu-meqsikos Statis
kompiuterul kvlevaTa laboratoriaSi da wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc
calkeul nawilebad, aseve srulad, danergil iqna bunebrivi enis
damuSavebis mraval sistemaSi.
ontologiur semantikas uSualod eyrdnoba iseTi gamoyenebiTi
dargebi, rogoric aris bunebrivi enis manqanuri Targmani, informaciis
eqstragireba dokumentebidan, teqstis mokle Sinaarsis miReba, kiTxvaze
pasuxi, kompiuteruli programis mier momxmareblisaTvis rCevis micema,
adamianisa da kompiuteris programul agentTa qselebis TanamSromloba
da a.S.
zogadi gamoyenebisaTvis gankuTvnili arqiteqtura aseve Seicavs
`ekologiur“,
morfologiur da sintaqsur komponents. sistemis
warmodgenili arqiteqtura wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc calkeul
nawilebad, aseve srulad, danergil iqna bunebrivi enis damuSavebis
mraval sistemaSi. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis qvemoT mogvyavs maTi CamonaTvali:
Translator, 1984-86, gankuTvnilia codnaze-damyarebuli manqanuri
TargmanisaTvis ix. Nirenburg et al. 1986.
71
Poplar, 1985-86, miZRvnilia moazrovne agentis modelirebisadmi, ix.
Nirenburg et al. 1985; agreTve Nirenburg and Lesser 1986.
KBMT-89, 1987-89, saSualo zomis codnaze-damyarebuli manqanuri
Targmanis iaponur-inglisuri sistema. ix. Nirenburg et al. 1991, Goodman
and Nirenburg 1991.
Ontos, 1988-90, miZRvnilia ontologiuri modelirebisadmi da mis
asagebad da SemuSavebuli saSualebebis gasaaxlebad. ix. Monarch and
Nirenburg 1987, 1988, Carlson and Nirenburg 1990.
SMEARR, 1988-91, Ontos gavrcoba; lingvisturi semantikis
Sesabameba kompiuterul semantikasTan; ix. Raskin et al. 1994.
KIWI, 1989-91, adamianis codnis gamoyeneba semantikuri analizis
dasaxmareblad. ix. Brown and Nirenburg 1990.
Dionysus (Seicavs DIANA da DIOGENES), 1989-92, erTiani proeqti,
romelic moicavs morfologiur, sintaqsur, semantikur analizs;
teqstis generirebas da ontologiuri da leqsikuri codnis Camoyalibebas. Defrise and Nirenburg 1990; Onyshkevych and Nirenburg 1991.
Pangloss, 1991-95, codnaze damyarebuli espanur-inglisuri manqanuri
Targmanis sistema; hibriduli sistema ontologiuri semantikis elementebiT. ix. Nirenburg 1994
Mikrokosmos, 1993-99, farTo masStabis codnaze-damyarebuli
manqanuri Targmanis sistema _ espanuri, inglisuri, Cinuri; ontologiuri semantikis gamoyenebis pirveli Tanmimdevruli cda. ix. Beale et al.
1995; Mahesh and Nirenburg 1995; Mahesh et al. 1997a,b; Beale 1997
Savona, 1997-98, adamianisa da kompiuteris Sereuli qseluri
agenti warmoqmnil krizisTa Sesaxeb SetyobinebaTa generirebisaTvis, ix.,
Nirenburg 1998
MINDS, 1998-2000, informaciis inteleqtualurad eqstraqcia, ix.,
Ludovik et al. 1999; Cowie et al. 2000a,b
Expedition, 1997, naxevrad avtomaturi garemo manqanuri Targmanis
sistemebis
konfigurirebisaTvis
da
enis
Sesaxeb
codniT
maT
uzrunvelsayofad. ix.Nirenburg and Raskin 1998;
CAMBIO, 1999-2000, Mikrokosmos-lite, ix. mag, Nirenburg 2000
literatura
1. Nirenburg, S., V. Raskin and A. Tucker 1986. On Knowledge-Based
Machine
Translation. Proceedings
of International
Conference
on
Computational Linguistics, COLING-86, Bonn, Germany.627-632.
2. Nirenburg, S. and V. Lesser 1986. Providing Intelligent Assistance in
Distributed Office Environments. Proceedings of the Third International ACM
Conference on Office Automation Systems, Providence, RI. November. Reprinted
72
in: A. Bond and L. Gasser (eds.), Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence.
San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann: 590-598.
3. Goodman, K. and S. Nirenburg (eds.) 1991. KBMT-89: A Case Study in
Knowledge-Based Machine Translation. 250 pp. San Mateo: Morgan Kaufmann.
4. Monarch, I. and S. Nirenburg 1988. ONTOS: An Ontology-Based Knowledge
Acquisition and Maintenance System. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on
Knowledge Acquisition. Banff, Canada. August.
5. Brown, R. and S. Nirenburg. 1990. Human-Computer Interaction for Semantic
Disambiguation. Proceedings of COLING-90, Helsinki, August.
6. Defrise, C. and S. Nirenburg 1990. TAMERLAN: A Text Meaning
Representation Language. Proceedings of the TKE International Conference, Trier,
West Germany.
7. Onyshkevych, B. and S. Nirenburg 1991. Lexicon, Ontology and Text
Meaning. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Lexical Semantics. Berkeley, CA.
8. Nirenburg, S., J. Carbonell, M. Tomita and K. Goodman 1991. Machine
Translation: A Knowledge-Based Approach. San Mateo: Morgan Kaufmann.
9. Nirenburg, S. (ed.) 1994. The Pangloss Mark III Machine Translation System. A
Joint Technical Report by NMSU CRL, USC ISI and CMU CMT.
10. Mahesh, Kavi, and Sergei Nirenburg 1995. A situated ontology for practical
NLP. A paper presented at the IJCAI ‘95 Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in
Knowledge Sharing. Montreal, August 19-21.
11. Mahesh, Kavi, Sergei Nirenburg and Stephen Beale 1997. If You Have It,
Flaunt It: Using Full Ontological Knowledge for Word Sense Disambiguation. In:
Proceedings of Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation
(TMI-97), Santa Fe, NM, 1-9.
12. Mahesh, K., S. Nirenburg, S. Beale, E. Viegas, V. Raskin, B. Onyshkevych
1997. Word Sense Disambiguation: Why Statistics If We Have These Numbers.
In: Proceedings of Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation
(TMI-97), Santa Fe, NM, 151-159.
13. Beale, S., S. Nirenburg, and K. Mahesh 1995. Semantic Analysis in the
Mikrokosmos Machine Translation Project. In: Proceedings of the Second
Symposium on Natural Language Processing (SNLP-95), Bangkok, Thailand.
14. Nirenburg, S. and V. Raskin. 1998. Universal Grammar and Lexis for Quick
Ramp-Up of MT Systems. Proceedings of ACL/COLING-98. Montreal, Canada.
15. Nirenburg, S. 2000. CAMBIO: Progress Report. Working Paper, NMSU CRL.
16. Nirenburg, S. and V. Raskin. Ontological Semantics. 332 pp. 2002.
17. Ludovik, Y., J. Cowie, H.Molina-Salgado and S. Nirenburg 1999. OntologyBased Information Extraction. Proceedings of MT Summit, Singapore.
18. Cowie, J., Y. Ludovik, H. Molina-Salgado, Sergei Nirenburg and Svetlana
Sheremetyeva. 2000a. Automatic Question Answering. Proceedings of the RIAO
Conference, Paris, April.
19. Cowie, J., Y. Ludovik, S. Nirenburg, H. Molina-Salgado. 2000 b. The week at
a glance - cross- language cross document information extraction and translation .
Proceedings of COLING 2000, Saarbruecken, Germany, 1007-1010.
73
Oleg Kapanadze
Ontological-Semantic Lexicon for the Georgian Language
Summary
Ontological Semantics is a general-purpose approach to automatic text
processing that is based on the use of the meaning of the natural language. The
paper discusses the principles of the creation of the lexicon of ontological
semantics – the resource of lexical knowledge – for the Georgian language. It
consists of about 4000 pages and it includes as lexicon entries units of both
languages – the entry proper in Georgian and the respective English variant
together with a brief encyclopaedic explanation. Lexicon entries are supplied with
their corresponding syntactic and semantic data, offered with the format specific
for computer processing.
74
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
naTia futkaraZe
internetis enis zogi sakiTxisaTvis
globaluri qseli, anu interneti Tanamedrove komunikaciis erTerTi
gavrcelebuli
saSualebaa.
virtualuri
komunikaciisas
SesaZlebelia rogorc werilobiTi, aseve audio- da videokonferencia;
Cven sainterneto mimoweriT davinteresdiT, ramdenadac qarTulenovani
mimowera ukve specialuri slengis saxes iRebs.
rogorc viciT, zepiri metyvelebisas gadacemuli informaciis
`Sevseba-dazusteba~ arasametyvelo organoebiT Sesrulebuli sakomunikacio saSualebebiT xdeba.
qarTuli da araqarTuli forumebis, myisier SetyobinebaTa servisebis (e. w. `mesinjerebis~) da e. w. „Catebis“ enaze dakvirvebam paralingvizmebis kidev erTi saxeoba gamoavlina, esaa e. w. `Rimilakebi~.
Rimilis simbolo pirvelad gvxvdeba 1963 wels, rodesac
dizainerma harvi belma masaCusetsis saxelmwifo sadazRveo kompaniisTvis
Seqmna logo, romelsac unda gamoexata kompaniis keTilganwyoba momxmareblebisadmi. logo (vertikalurad) gamoxatavda adamianis Tvalebs,
tuCebs, igi yviTeli feris wreSi iyo Casmuli. es iyo pirveli naxati
Rimili, oRond araTavsebadi teqsturi SetyobinebisaTvis.
mogvianebiT, sareklamo abridan Rimilis simbolom internetgverdebze gadainacvla, mcireodeni cvlilebiT, kerZod:
pitsburgis karnej-melonis universitetis kompiuterul mecnierebaTa departamenti (aSS), romelic dResac aqtiurad ganagrZobs
muSaobas, 80-ian wlebSi sauniversiteto forumze xSirad aqveynebda
oficialur
gancxadebebs.
departamentis
warmomadgenelTa
mier
datovebuli eleqtronuli gzavnilebi xSirad iumoristuli xasiaTisac
iyo, rac zogierTi TanamSromlis guliswyromasac iwvevda. yovelive amis
Semdeg, prof. skot falmenma, romelic dRemde kompiuterul mecnierebaTa kaTedris profesoria, gadawyvita Seeqmna raime simbolo, romelic
iqneboda martivi da, rac mTavaria, Tavsebadi Word-is programisTvis.
amgvarad, skot falmenma 1982 wlis 19 seqtembers (1145-sT.)
sauniversiteto forumze gagzavna winadadeba, sadac TanamSromlebs urCevda gamoeyenebinaT :-( simbolo, Tu seriozul Temaze werdnen,
orwertili Tvalebs aRniSnavda, tire _
cxvirs, frCxili ki _
gaucinar bages da, piriqiT, araseriozuli/saxumaro gzavnilisTvis unda
daerToT :-) _ es e. w. gaRimebuli figura.
[19-Sep-82 11:44 Scott E Fahlman :)
From: Scott E Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c>
75
I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers: :-)
Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark things that are NOT
jokes given current trends. For this, use :-(
(http://research.microsoft.com/~mbj/smiley/smiley.html)]
prof. skot falmeni
1982 wlis seqtemberSi skot falmenis SemoTavazebam didi mowoneba
daimsaxura aRniSnul profesiul wreSi. dRes ukve Rimilakebis
gamoyenebis are Zalze gafarToebulia.
rogorc viciT, mobilur telefonebSi, eleqtronul fostebSi,
forumebsa Tu myisier SetyobinebaTa servisebSi (e. w. `mesinjerebSi~)
RimilakebisTvis
specialuri ganyofileba arsebobs; maT aqtiurad
iyeneben momxmareblebi. Cven gamovkiTxeT sxvadsxva asakis adamianebi da
gavarkvieT, rom axalgazrdebi ZiriTadad ferad, arastandartul
Rimilakebs irCeven. ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi ki drois ekonomiis
mizniT ar aaqtiureben `meniuSi~ Rimilakebis specialur brZanebebs da
orwertilisa da frCxilisgan Seqmnil `sicilaks~ aniWeben upiratesobas.
Rimilakebi marto sevdas, an Rimils ar gamoxataven. magaliTad,
;-) _ Tvalis Cakvras;
:-0 _ gaocebas;
xSiria cnobil adamianTa Tu personaJTa saxe-simboloebic, magaliTad:
:-.) _ merlin monro – (misi cnobili xali tuCis kuTxeSi)
CI:-= _ Carli Caplini – CI - Slapas aRniSnavs da a.S.
zogi simbolo mTel winadadebas an gamonaTqvams gamoxatavs:
:-$ _ fuls kbilebi mouWire;
:-yY _ calybad meRimeba;
76
eleqtronul enobriv sivrceSi SemuSavebuli `emociuri xatebi~
TandaTan ifarToeben gamoyenebis ares da internetsamyarodan TiTqmis
SeuzRudavad gadadian realur sakomunikacio sivrceSic. mag., Cven mier
mopovebul xelnawer araformalur werilebSi sakmaod xSiria e.w.
`Rimilakebi~/`xatulebi~; Tumca
piraduli xasiaTis werilebis garda
`Rimilakebs~/`sicilakebs~ ukve vxvdebiT abrebze, iSviaTad presis enaSic.
magaliTad, Cven xelT gvaqvs germaniaSi mcxovrebi qarTveli gogonas
dedisadmi mowerili xelnaweri werilebidan amoRebuli masala. teqstSi
xSiria e.w. `sicilakebi~/`xatulebi~,
romlebic avtors sWirdeba
sakuTari emociis gamosaxatavad. gamoikveTa ramdenime tipis `Rimilaki~,
magaliTad,
[aq ise mowesrigebulad vsauzmob. suraTic gadavuRe Cems sauzmes :) ]
moyvanil magaliTSi avtoris mier gamoyenebuli Rimilis aRmniSvneli
simbolo gasagebia viwro wrisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi avtorisa da
adresatisTvis, romlisTvisac cnobilia Svilis sauzmis wesi;
Semdeg
magaliTSi
gadmocemuli
msubuq-ironiuli
Rimili
yvelasTvis naTelia, naklebad piradulia, Sdr. :
[ise tyuilia xalxs rom hgonia (mec megona :) :) 3 TviT
waval, enas viswavli da Camovalo :) mecineba magaze! ]
Semdeg CanawerSi:
77
[cudad var, imdeni vWame. mgoni pirvelad ar mSia :) kargi
Wamis mere ra undeba qarTvel adamians? ra da Zili :) ]
avtori TiTqos dedis dasamSvideblad daurTavs Rimilaks, raTa
adresatma ar idardos mis kvebaze.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Rimilaks ZiriTadad iyenebs komunikaciaSi
monawile piri sakuTari emociis gadmosacemad, pirveli personaluri
piri xSirad refleqsivia, zogjer,
saubari miemarTeba meore pirsac,
forumebis enasa Tu xelnawer werilebSi mesame piris emocia, jerjerobiT, ar gadmoicema.
popularizaciis SemTxvevaSi advili SesaZlebelia, mTqmelis emociis
gamomxatveli verbaluri remarkebi misi ekvivalenturi niSnebiT
Seicvalos
ara
mxolod
pirad
mimoweraSi,
aramed
mxatvrul
nawarmoebebSi, publicistikasa da sxva saxis teqstebSic, rac,
rasakvirvelia, arasasurveli perspeqtivaa qarTuli da zogadad,
nebismieri enisaTvis;
Rimilakebis msgavsad, internetenisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sasveni
niSnebis Warbi gamoyeneba (mag., ,,modi!!!!!!~), an bolokiduri aso-bgerebis
ganmeoreba (mag., ,,naTiiiiiiiii~). orTografiulad es gaumarTlebelia,
magram eleqtronuli formatis gzavnilebSi maTi procentuli maCvenebeli Zalian maRalia. Warbi sasveni niSnebis garda vxvdebiT gazrdili
SriftiT daweril sityvebsac, rodesac avtors surs winadadebaSi raime
sityvaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba.
gvaqvs sapirispiro SemTxvevebic, rodesac eleqtronul komunikaciaSi
monawile piri ar iyenebs standartul Rimilakebs da Tavad qmnis maT
ukve sityvebis gamoyenebiT, Sdr., mesinjeris, e.w. ,,skaipis’’ masalidan
amoRebuli magaliTebi :
- <`Cxubi~>
- <`saxlSi wasvla mindas~ smaili>
- <`midi, ra, gamegzavne biZikos~ smaili>
78
mokled,
Tanamedrove
internetsazogadoeba
Zalian
Wrelia,
Sesabamisad mravalferovani xdeba interneturTierTobebSi gamoyenebuli
qarTulic. internetis enaze momuSave mecnierTa erTi nawili am movlenas
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, pijinizacias uwodebs (ix. л. ю. Иванов,
www.ivanoff.ru/rus/OZHWEB.htm), meoreni – kreolizacias (ix. Т.И.
Рязанцева, www.ffl.msu.ru/img/pages/File/ryazantseva_1_07.doc)
erTi mxriv, es aris emociis gamoxatvis saxaliso da ioli forma,
nabeWdi teqstisa da metyvelebis dros gamoyenebuli kinesikuri
paralingvizmebis saintereso sinTezi, SeiZleba asec vuwodoT: “laparaki
werilobiT”; meore mxriv, es tendencia saSiSi rom ar aRmoCndes qarTuli enisTvis, sasurvelia rigi RonisZiebebis gatareba, mag.,
Camoyalibdes sameTvalyureo jgufi, romelic Seafasebs vebgverdebis
qarTuls. akrZalviT albaT ver miviRebT sasurvel Sedegs, umjobesia
damkvidrdes tendencia: gaumarTavi qarTuliT wera iTvlebodes
araprestiJulad da aramodurad.
SesaZlebelia am e. w. `Rimilakebs~ praqtikuli daniSnulebac mieces; mag., dialeqturi an sxva saxis zepiri teqstebis gadawerisas
respondentis emociis gadmosacemad ramdenime sityvis nacvlad erTi
simbolo iqnas gamoyenebuli. am SesaZleblobis gamoyenebas dialeqturi
teqstebis eleqtronul versiebSi dasaSvebad miiCneven am sakiTxebze
praqtikulad momuSave specialistebi.
inglisuri terminis "smiley" da mis qarTuli kalkirebuli
variantic _ (`Rimilaki~) mxolod dadebiT emocias ar gamoxatavs: amave
terminiT gamoixateba uaryofiTi da sxvagvari emociac. dRes termini
`Rimilaki~ gavrcelebulia da mosaxerxebelic. kategoriulebi ver
viqnebiT, magram, vfiqrobT, SeiZleba originaluri, qarTuli yalibisTvis
morgebuli terminic moviZioT mag., `ganwyobis niSnebi~ - sasveni niSnebis
analogiiT. SegviZlia maT `emoc-xatebic~
vuwodoT, an `mimikebi~ –
ufro zogadi rom iyos.
ramdenadac, `Rimilakebi~ modernizebuli piqtogramebia, cudi ar
iqneba Tu aRsaniSnavad gamoviyenebT termins: `xatuli~/`xatulebi~.
vfiqrobT, marTlac mosanaxia `sicilakze~ ukeTesi qarTuli
termini, vinaidan e. w. `Rimilakebi~/`xatulebi~ aSkarad ifarToebs
gamoyenebis vels: mosaxerxebelia isini ganwyobis gamosaxatavad, wera
ufro ekonomiuradaa SesaZlebeli, nawersac meti eqspresia axlavs...
qarTulenovan
forumebs
Tu
davakvirdebiT,
vnaxavT,
rom
sainterneto dialogebis enis cvlilebis tempi sxvaobs globaluri
qselis momxmareblis asakis, profesiisa da interesebis sferos mixedviT.
forumis wevrTa mier ganisazRvreba
e. w. `Catebis~
Tematika, mag.,
qarTul internet-saubrebSi gvxvdeba Semdegi Temebi: saqarTvelos
79
saSinao da sagareo politika, romantika, siyvaruli, poezia, mxatvroba,
kino da Teatri, istoria, literatura, mecniereba, ganaTleba da a.S.
forumis wevrebi Zalian did drosa da virtualur sivrces uTmoben
sakuTari Tu sxvisi mosazrebis gamoqveyneba-ganxilvas.
cxadia, iseve, rogorc pirispir saubrisas, eleqtronuli
komunikaciis drosac Cndeba emociis gamoxatvis moTxovnileba. rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva ganwyobilebiTa Tu moqmedeba-mdgomareobiT
datvirTuli `xatulebis~/`Rimilakebis~ garda, emociis gamoxatva xdeba
bolokiduri asoebisa da sasveni niSnebis `arabunebrivi~ gameorebiT
(Sdr.: forumelebis enas axasiaTebs akademiuri punqtuaciis simwire).
e. w. `CaTebis~ enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve: sityvebisa da frazebis
Semokleba, sagangebod gazrdili SriftiT calkeul sityvebze xazgasma,
`Taviseburi~ terminologia da sxv.
amgvarad, eleqtronul komunikaciaSi mkvidrdeba dialogis axali
forma, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia:
_ paralingvizmebis axali saxeobani (`Rimilakebi~),
_ Txrobis maqsimaluri ekonomia,
_ specifikuri terminologia.
qarTuli virtualuri saubrebis terminologia qarTuli internetsivrcis
gamorCeuli ubania. kompiuteris ena, Sesabamisad, ZiriTadi
terminebic jerjerobiT inglisurs eyrdnoba; Sesabamisad, qarTuli
`CaTebis~ terminologiac `gadatvirTulia~ inglisuri terminebiT,
inglisur terminTa kalkebiTa da qarTulafiqsiani, magram inglisurfuZiani sityvebiT. magaliTad, maRalreitinguli `Tbilisis forumis~
erT-erTi wevri - "hermione" wers:
`erTxel davposte is, rasac Tsu-s iur fakze vfiqrobdi da vorni
miviRe~ (http://forum.ge/?f=79&showtopic=33778817);
Sdr.: to post `werilis gagzavna~; to warn `gafrTxileba~; iur fakze `iuridiul fakultetze~.
Sdr., agreTve, forumeli "TukijaT" -is fraza:
`pasvordi damekarga romel oTaxSi mivide miTxari plz~
(http://forum.ge/?f=79&showtopic=33778817)...
password `paroli~; plz - please `gTxov~...
amgvari terminebis siWarbe yovelTvis ver aixsneba forumis
monawileTa
qarTulis
codnis
xarisxiT;
globaluri
qselis
momxmarebelTa didi nawili ganaTlebuli adamiania; maTi nawili kargad
flobs saero Tu sasuliero mwerlobis terminologias, magram mainc
uxvad iyenebs kalkirebebs Tu ucxour terminebs; Sdr.:
"mun ars qofiraiTni" (ix.:www.bigcrow.wordpress.com).
copywrites `saavtoro uflebebi~.
80
forumebze saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva standartuli enis
normebis dacvas, magram, amave dros, mkacrad izRudeba ucenzuro/utaqto
sityvebis gamoyeneba. mag., forumebze araiSviaTia aseTi cnobebi:
`momxmareblis niki „kote“ mospobilia forumis wesebisa da netiketis
sistematuri da boroti darRvevisaTvis~
(ix.:
www.mamuli.net/portal/ge/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=208&PN=4&get=last).
nick/nickname `metsaxeli~; netiquette/netiketi: net etiquette > netiquette
`internetSi (net-Si) qcevis wesebi~.
qarTuli
forumebis
enaSi
inglisuri
terminebi
qarTuli
fonetikisa da morfologiuri yalibebis gaTvaliswinebiT formdeba;
magaliTad,
1. inglisuri zmna To log out `sistemidan gamosvla~, qarTulSi
saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgari arsebiTi saxeliT gadmodis: `logauTi~.
2. inglisuri zmna To sit down qarTuli zmnis fuZe xdeba:
"davsiTdaundeeT" (ix. `gogCoebis~ leqsikoni - www.teen.ge).
3. inglisuri winadadeba Speak to me `damelaparake~ qarTuli anbaniT
gadawerili gvxvdeba: sfiq 2 mi, sadac oriani inglisurSi mimarTulebis
to -windebulis Sesatyvisia, vinaidan oris inglisuri warmoTqma towindebulisas waagavs. msgavsi magaliTebi uxvad gvxvdeba inglisur
forumebzec da isini akronimebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili: 4U= For You
`SenTvis~, AFAIK - As far as I know `rogorc vici~, `ramdenadac CemTvis
cnobilia~ da
sxv... Sdr. qarTul veb-gverdidan amoRebuli magaliTi:
gi2gi _ mniSvneloba: `giorgi~ (http://tops.ge/?id=7131&cat=12#306) Sdr.,
mokle teqsturi Setyobinebebis, e. w. `mesijebis~ enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime qarTuli abreviatura: `msj~ _ `mesiji~, `gk~ _ `gkocni~,
`pk~ _ (<<"пока") `droebiT~, Sdr. magaliTebi: `Seni msj ar momsvlia~,
`kargi, gk pk~.
4. zmnaTa warmoebisas momxmarebelTa umravlesoba moqmedebiTi gvaris,
orpiriani gardamavali zmnis yalibs iyenebs, mag.:
`v-a-logauT-eb~ (moqmedebiTi gvari, awmyos mwkriviT gamoxatuli
moqmedeba),
`da-v-a-SaTdaun-e~ (moqmedebiTi gvari, wyvetilis mwkriviT gamoxatuli
moqmedeba),
`da-m-i-link-e~ (moqmedebiTi gvari, obieqturi wyoba, mwkrivi: meore brZanebiTi, dro momavali),
`v-logauT-d-eb-i~ (-d sufiqsiani vnebiTi, awmyos mwkriviT gamoxatuli
moqmedeba)...
unda aRiniSnos, rom inglisuri sityvebis (log out, netiquette, net da
a. S.) damkvidreba sainterneto qarTulSi Sesabamisi terminologiis ar81
arsebobam ganapiroba. aqve dgeba momavalSi inglisuris, rogorc universaluri enis statusis sakiTxic.
ra xdeba am mxriv sxvaenovan forumebze? mag., rusul `Catebze~
uxvadaa okazionalizmebi, Tumca qarTulTan SedarebiT rusulenovan vebgverdebze ukeTesi viTarebaa, radgan, damkvidrebulia ZiriTadi kompiuteruli terminebis rusuli Sesatyvisebi; mag., gvxvdeba Сообщение _ Setyobineba da ara posti (post _ fosta, Setyobineba) gansxvavebiT qarTulisgan. Tumca xSiria barbarizmebic: mag., erT-erTi wevri No Panic-i
wers:
"да помагите плззз" (ix.:http://www.volchat.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=16498).
плззз << please `gTxovT/geTayva~...
amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, qarTuli internetis ena, romelic,
sakmaod samarTlianad, SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc qarTuli enis erTerTi axali qvesistema, jerjerobiT Jargons ufro hgavs, Tumca,
garkveulwilad mainc xdeba misi sazogadoebrivi `kontroli~ (ucenzuri
sityvebis akrZalvis faqti).
virtualuri komunikaciebi ufro da ufro arsebiT adgils iWers
Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi, amdenad, sasurvelia, saxelmwifo
doneze
daigegmos
qarTuli
standartuli
enis
sainterneto
(virtualuri) variantis ganviTareba; kerZod, specialistebis aqtiuri
monawileobiT unda Seiqmnas da, rac mTavaria, realurad dainergos:
_ kompiuteris /operaciuli sistemis terminologia;
_ sakomunikacio terminologia;
_ sainterneto qselisTvis saWiro abreviaturebi;
_ `xatulebis~ qarTuli saxelwodebebi da sxv.
aSkaraa:
eleqtronul komunikaciaSi mkvidrdeba paralingvizmebis axali saxe,
iqmneba emociuri Txrobis axali forma da virtualuri sivrcis qmnileba
TandaTan mkvidrdeba realur komunikaciaSic... zemoT aRniSnuli tendencia jerjerobiT gamoikveTa internetis enaSi, male aucileblad
gaCndeba Cvens realur sametyvelo kodSi, mis leqsikasa da terminologiaSi.
literatura
n. futkaraZe, eleqtronuli da realuri komunikaciebis urTierTgavlenis
erTi aspeqtisaTvis, XXVII respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero
sesiis masalebi 2007.
82
n. futkaraZe, sainterneto dialogebis (forumebis) terminologiisaTvis
(qarTuli, rusuli da inglisuri masalis mixedviT, bunebriv enaTa
damuSaveba, VI konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi 2008.
л. ю. Иванов, Функции глобальной сети (ГС) и функции языка, Язык
интернета, заметки лингвиста, 2000. www.ivanoff.ru/rus/OZHWEB.htm
Т.И. Рязанцева, Некоторые особенности реализации коммуникативных
принципов и стратегий в условиях компьютерно-опосредованного общения,
_ www.ffl.msu.ru/img/pages/File/ryazantseva_1_07.doc)
_ www.bigcrow.wordpress.com
_ www.dialog-21.ru/materials/archive.asp?id=6683&y=2001&vol=6077
_ www.forum.ge/?f=79&showtopic=33778817
_ www.mamuli.net/portal/ge/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=208&PN=4&get=last
_ www.teen.ge
_ http://tops.ge/?id=7131&cat=12#306
_ www.research.microsoft.com/~mbj/smiley/smiley.html
_ www.volchat.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=16498
_ www.smiley.clan.su
Natia Putkaradze
Some Questions of the Internet Language
Summary
The language of the internet dialogs changes day by day. The users of the
forum spend a lot of time on posting and discussing their own and others’ opinions.
It is obvious that during the internet communication, as during a face to face
conversation, the need for the expression of emotion appears.
Using the global net the speaker (poster) expresses his mood (which is
characterized by gesticulation in a direct conversation) by means of emoticons (the
so-called "smileys", e.g.: :)- smiling, :*-kissing, etc.). Along with smileys,
expressing various modes and actions/ situations, the emotion is also conveyed by
the “unusual” repetition of final letters and punctuation (i.e. the language of forum
lacks academic punctuation).
The language of chat-rooms is characterized by
1. Abbreviation of words and phrases;
2. Accentuation of particular words by a specially increased font;
3. Specific terminology, etc.
Accordingly, the new form of the dialog is introduced into the electronic
communications that are characterized by: new varieties of paralinguisms, maximal
economy of narration, and specific terminology. The terminology of the Georgian
Internet-conversation is a special area of the Georgian Internet-space. The
83
computer language, and main terms respectively, are based on the English
language. Accordingly, the terminology of Georgian chat-rooms is congested with
English words, loan-translations of English terms and English-stem words with
Georgian affixes (E.g. `erTxel davposte is, rasac Tsu-s iur fakze
vfiqrobdi da vorni miviRe~ (http://forum.ge/?f=79&showtopic=33778817);
("Once I've posted what I thought about TSU Iur Fak and got a warning");
cf. to warn; Iur Fak – the Faculty of Law
`da-v-post-e~
[da-v-post-e] << I have posted
( to post)
`vorn-i~
[worn-i] - << warning
Georgian IT terminology is not established yet, that is why English words
are so popular in Georgian online word-building. On the other hand, another
question arises: Why English? Is English a universal language? Virtual communications become more and more popular and significant for the present-day world,
therefore it is important to plan the development of the standard Georgian Internet
language at the state level. In particular, with the active participation of specialists
the following should be created and introduced:
1. Georgian IT Terminology;
2. Communication terminology;
3. Abbreviations necessary for the Internet;
4. Georgian names of "icons", etc.
84
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
morfologia/sintaqsi
marina aleqsiZe
rusul enaSi predikatuli erTeulis mTavar komponentTa
Soris sintaqsuri kavSiris arsis Sesaxeb
predikatuli erTeulis mTavar komponentTa Soris sintaqsuri
kavSiris arsis gansazRvris problema miekuTvneba Tanamedrove sintaqsis
erT-erT aqtualur problemaTa ricxvs. am kavSiris arsis gansazRvra
warmoadgens erTgvar gasaRebs MmTeli predikatuli erTeulis struqturis gagebisaTvis, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi saubaria im komponentebis
urTierTobaze, romlebic Seadgenen predikatuli erTeulis birTvs, mis
struqturul safuZvels.
Cven ganvixilavT rusul enaSi predikatuli erTeulis mTavar
komponentTa Soris arsebul mimarTebas – anu mimarTebas qvemdebaresa da
Semasmenels Soris.
Tanamedrove sintaqsistebs jerjerobiT ar aqvT rusul enaSi
qvemdebaresa da Semasmenels Soris sintaqsuri kavSiris erTiani gageba.
arsebuli sxvadasxva Sexedulebis arsi saboloo jamSi mdgomareobs
imaSi, Tu rogor unda iyos ganxiluli es kavSiri: rogorc calmxrivi
damokidebuleba Semasmenlis qvemdebarisagan, Tu saWiroa misi interpretacia rogorc urTerTdamokidebuleba, romelic efuZvneba orive komponentis sintaqsur Tanasworobas.
pirveli Tvalsazrisi tradiciulia rusuli enaTmecnierebisaTvis,
Tumca warsulis lingvisturi memkvidreobis analizi cxadyofs, rom XIX
saukunis rusi gramatistebis umravlesoba winadadebis gabatonebul da
maorganizebel centrad Tvlida Semasmenels da ara qvemdebares (Востоков
1874, 116, 122; Давыдов, 1852, 272; Буслаев 1959, 258-259; Потебня 1958, 84,
116).
ZiriTad
argumentad,
rogorc
wesi,
mohyavdaT
zmnuri
(`Semasmenluri~) formebis arseboba yvela tipis martiv winadadebaSi.
amasTan angariSs ar uwevdnen Semasmenlis formalur Sewyobas (`mimsgavsebas~) qvemdebaresTan. es Tvalsazrisi vrclad aris Camoyalibebuli
d. ovsianiko-kulikovskis @`rusuli enis sintaqsSi~, sadac igi werda:
`...Semasmenlobis (сказуемость) yvela saxeoba sakuTari fsiqologiuri
bunebis gamo warmoadgens imdenad mniSvnelovan, TviTmyofad sintaqsur
formebs, rom maTi SeTanxmeba qvemdebaresTan saerTad ar miesadageba
namdvili damokidebulebis arss; es aris damokidebuleba wminda
85
formaluri, garegnuli da mas savsebiT miesadageba
saxelwodeba
‘fiqtiuri’ ~ (Овсянико-Куликовский 1912, 22).
Tanamedrove avtorebi ukve ar Tvlian, rom Semasmenlis formaluri
damokidebuleba qvemdebarisagan aris mxolod garegnuli, fiqtiuri. axla
qvemdebaresa da Semasmenels Soris arsebul sintaqsur kavSirs xSirad
axasiaTeben
rogorc
urTierTdamokidebulebas,
@urTierTkavSirs,
romelic iqmneba SeTanxmebisa, sadac realizacias poulobs Semasmenlis
damokidebuleba Qqvemdebarisagan, da marTvis, romelSic realizdeba
qvemdebaris damokidebuleba Semasmenlisagan, TanaarsebobiT (Белошапкова
1977, 38).
ra Tqma unda, predikatuli erTeulis mTavar komponentTa Soris
arsebuli
sintaqsuri
kavSiris
amgvari
gageba
gamarTlebulia
predikatuli erTeulis ara yvela struqturuli tipis mimarT, aramed
mxolod iseTis, sadac qvemdebare gamoxatulia arsebiTi saxeliT an
nacvalsaxeliT saxelobiT brunvaSi, Semasmeneli ki _ zmnis piriani
formiT. aRniSnul gagebas safuZvlad udevs saxelobiTi brunvis gramatikuli mniSvnelobisa da sintaqsuri funqciebis gaigiveba sxva danarCeni
brunvebis gramatikul mniSvnelobasa da sintaqsur funqciebTan. vinaidan
brunvis formebi saerTod gamoxataven semantikur-sintaqsur mimarTebas
Sesityvebisa da predikatuli erTeulis komponentebs Soris, es formebi
damokidebuli, marTvadi formebi arian: rusul enaSi semantikursintaqsur mimarTebas SesityvebebSi da predikatul erTeulebSi
Cveulebriv gamoxatavs damokidebuli sityvis forma.
amavdroulad zogierTi rusi gramatisti gamoTqvamda mosazrebas
imis Taobaze, rom qvemdebaris saxelobiTi brunva ar gamoxatavs aranair
semantikur mimarTebebs. Aase, magaliTad, a. Saxmatovi miuTiTebda, rom
`qvemdebare @aRniSnavs calkeul warmodgenas an warmodgenaTa kompleqss,
romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli nebis ZalasTan, mimarTuls sxva
warmodgenebTan kavSiris damyarebaze” (Шахматов 2007, 162). ufro mkafiod
es azri Camoyalibebulia zogierT Tanamedrove sintaqsistTan, romlebic
aRniSnaven, rom `qvemdebaris pozicias ikaveben sityvis wminda nominaciuri
formebi, anu iseTi formebi, romlebic mxolod asaxeleben sagnebsa da
movlenebs da ar aRniSnaven aranair sintaqsur mimarTebas~.
amrigad, qvemdebaris Semasmenlisagan sintaqsuri damokidebulebis
mtkiceba efuZvneba im mosazrebas, rom predikatuli erTeulis SemadgenlobaSi qvemdebare ar gamoxatavs aranair semantikur-sintaqsur mimarTebas. predikatuli erTeulis ama Tu im komponentTa Soris semantikursintaqsur urTierTobebSi Cven vgulisxmobT sintaqsuri kavSiris mier
gamoxatul informacias am komponentebis mier aRniSnul sagnebsa da
movlenebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis Sesaxeb.
86
Camoyalibebul debulebas TvalnaTliv amtkicebs
iseTi predikatuli erTeulis mTavar komponentTa Soris semantikur-sintaqsuri
mimarTebis analizi, sadac qvemdebare gamoxatulia arsebiTi saxelis an
nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunvis formiT.
semantikur-sintaqsur mimarTebas Semasmenelsa da saxelobiT
brunvaSi dasmul qvemdebares Soris Cveulebriv gansazRvraven rogorc
`predikatuli niSnis misi matareblisadmi (subieqti) kuTvnilebis
mimarTebas~. definicia, ra Tqma unda, ukiduresad zogadia. predikatuli
erTeulis yoveli struqturuli tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTavar
komponentTa Soris sakuTari, gansakuTrebuli tipis semantikursintaqsuri mimarTeba. ase, magaliTad, predikatul erTeulSi, romelic
agebulia struqturuli sqemis N1 – Vf mixedviT, realizebulia
`mimarTeba subieqtsa da mis predikatul niSans _ moqmedebasa an
procesualuri mdgomareobas – Soris~ (Русская грамматика 1980, 252). am
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba vilaparakoT ori tipis semantikursintaqsur mimarTebaze – moqmedebis kuTvnilebaze misi subieqtisadmi da
mdgomareobis misi matareblisadmi. struqturuli sqema N1 – Adj1
gamoxatavs `mimarTebas subieqtsa da mis predikatul niSans – Tvisebasa
an xarisxs – Soris~ (Русская грамматика 1980, 289), da struqturuli
sqemis N1 – Preadкратк. mniSvneloba ki xasiaTdeba rogorc `mimarTeba
subieqtsa da mis predikatul niSans – mdgomareobas rogorc moqmedebis
Sedegs – Soris~ (Русская грамматика 1980, 298).
rogorc Cans Cven mier moyvanili gansazRvrebebidan, samive
struqturuli sqemis semantika gansxvavebulia, gansxvavebulia agreTve is
semantikur-sintaqsuri mimarTebebi, romelic akavSirebs am struqturuli
sqemebis komponentebs. amavdroulad yvela am sqemas aqvs erTi saerTo
komponenti - N1 - arsebiTi saxeli an nacvalsaxeli saxelobiTi brunvis
formaSi, romelic asrulebs qvemdebaris funqcias. cxadia, rom am
komponentis arseboba martivi orSemadgenliani winadadebis sxvadasxva
struqturuli sqemis SemadgenlobaSi ar aris damokidebuli meore
komponentTan (SemasmenelTan) misi azrobrivi (semantikuri) mimarTebebis
xasiaTze. am gagebiT qvemdebare, romelic gamoxatulia arsebiTi saxelis
an nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunvis formiT, universaluria. amgvari
qvemdebaris mqone struqturul sqemaTa mTavar komponentebs Soris
semantikur-sintaqsuri mimarTebebis specifika gamoixateba Semasmenelis
meSveobiT.
Camoyalibebul debulebas TvalnaTliv warmoaCens sinonimuri
konstruqciebi, sadac Semasmenlis funqcias asruleben arsebiTi saxelis
windebuliani formebi. ase, magaliTad, winadadebaSi "Приезжай – с
портфелем" mimarTeba `sagnis kuTvnileba pirisadmi~ gamoxatulia
arsebiTi saxelis с- windebuliani moqmedebiTi brunvis formiT. am
87
winadadebis transformaciisas frazaSi "У приезжего – портфель" igive
mimarTebebs gamoxatavs
у- windebuliani naTesaobiTi brunvis forma.
magram orive SemTxvevaSi mTavar komponentebs Soris semantikursintaqsuri
mimarTebebis
formaluri
maCvenebelia
Semasmenlis
sintaqsuri forma.
amrigad, qvemdebaris saxelobiTi brunva aris damoukidebeli da,
aqedan gamomdinare, aramarTvadi forma, vinaidan is aris wminda
nominaciis brunva, romelic ar gamoxatavs aranair semantikur-sintaqsur
mimarTebebs. es semantikuri Tviseba damaxasiaTebelia agreTve mimarTvis
funqciaSi gamoyenebuli saxelobiTi brunvisaTvis, romelic asrulebs
martivi erTSemadgenliani winadadebis mTavari wevris rols. amgvar
winadadebebs izolirebulad iyeneben saTaurebSi, abrebSi, saxelwodebebSi
da a. S. sxvadasxva sintaqsuri funqciis miuxedavad, yvela CamoTvlil
SemTxvevaSi saxelobiT brunvas aqvs erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba –
sinamdvilis ama Tu im sagnis an movlenis wminda nominaciis, dasaxelebis
mniSvneloba sxva sagnebsa da movlenebTan maTi kavSirebisa da
mimarTebebis miuxedavad.
am debulebas adasturebs agreTve fsiqolingvistikis monacemebi.
n. ufimceva, brunvaTa formebis xmarebis dros yru-munjTa mier
daSvebuli Secdomebis
Seswavlisas mivida im daskvnamde, rom `saxelobiTi brunva yvelaze mdgradia Secdomebis mimarT da amavdroulad
aris sxva brunvebis yvelaze xSiri Semcvleli~ (Уфимцева 1979, 18). da
vinaidan yru-munjTa Secdomebi brunvebis xmarebis dros ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom `brunvis fleqsia aranairad ar aris dakavSirebuli mis mier
gamoxatul mimarTebebTan~ (Уфимцева 1979, 17), SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT
Semdegi: saxelobiTi brunva imitom aris yvelaze mdgradi Secdomebisadmi
da imitom cvlis yvelaze xSirad sxva brunvas, rom ar gamoxatavs
aranair azrobriv (semantikur) mimarTebebs.
yvelaferi, rac iTqva saxelobiTi brunvis qvemdebaris rolSi
gramatikuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
zmnis infinitivsac, romelic amave sintaqsur funqcias asrulebs.
gansxvaveba im struqturul sqemaTa semantikas Soris, romelTa
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis qvemdebare-infinitivi, ganpirobebulia Semasmenlis
gamoxatvis saSualebebs Soris gansxvavebebiT. swored Semasmeneli
gamoxatavs aseTi qvemdebaris Semcvel
predikatul erTeulebSi
semantikur-sintaqsur mimarTebebs mTavar komponentTa Soris.
amrigad, qvemdebaris mTavar sintaqsur niSans warmoadgens misi
damoukidebloba predikatuli erTeulis sxva komponentebisagan, romelic
ganpirobebulia qvemdebaris sintaqsuri mniSvnelobis specifikiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, qvemdebare SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc predikatuli
erTeulis sintaqsurad damoukidebeli mTavari komponenti, romelic
88
ganisazRvreba predikatulad da Cveulebriv warmodgenilia arsebiTi
saxelis an nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunviT da agreTve zmnis
infinitiviT.
Semasmenlis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, Cveni azriT, Semdegia: 1)
sintaqsuri damokidebuleba qvemdebarisagan (amiT Semasmeneli gansxvavdeba
erTSemadgenliani winadadebis mTavari wevrisagan) da 2) is, rom mas
miekuTvneba obieqturi modalobisa da sintaqsuri drois mniSvneloba
(riTac Semasmeneli gansxvavdeba winadadebis sxva wevrebisagan). am
niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT Semasmeneli unda ganisazRvros, rogorc qvemdebareze damokidebuli predikatuli erTeulis mTavari wevri, romelic
gamoxatavs obieqturi modalobisa da sintaqsuri drois mniSvnelobas.
aseT definicias SeuZlia moicvas rusuli enis yvela tipis Semasmeneli
maTi sintaqsuri gamoxatulebis Taviseburebisa da struqturuli
mravalsaxeobis miuxedavad.
sintaqsSi tradiciulad erTmaneTs upirispirdeba Semasmenlis is
saxeobebi, romlebic formalurad miemsgavsebian (Seewyobian) qvemdebares,
da is saxeobebi, romlebsac ar SeswevT unari amgvari formaluri
mimsgavsebisa (Sewyobisa).
Semasmenlis formalur mimsgavsebas (Sewyobas) qvemdebaresTan
Cveulebriv uwodebdnen `SeTanxmebas~. Semdeg gavrcelda axali termini –
koordinacia. iTvleba, rom qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis koordinacia
garegnulad emsgavseba sityvaTa damokidebulebis iseT saxeobas, rogoricaa SeTanxmeba. magram aseTi SekavSirebis Sinagani xasiaTi da misi
gramatikuli niSnebi sxvanairia, vidre SeTanxmebis dros@ (Русская
грамматика 1980, 94).
SeTanxmebasa da koordinacias Soris arsebul ZiriTad gansxvavebaTa
ricxvs miakuTvneben Semdegs: 1) SeTanxmebis dros damokidebuli sityvis
forma eqvemdebareba gabatonebuli sityvis formas; qvemdebarisa da
Semasmenlis koordinaciis dros ki adgili aqvs formaTa urTierTSefardebas, romelTa Soris arc erTi ar aris arc gabatonebuli, arc
daqvemdebarebuli; 2) SeTanxmebis dros sintaqsur kavSirs adgili aqvs
SeTanxmebuli sityvebis yvela formaSi (новый дом, нового дома, новому
дому...); 3) SeTanxmebis, rogorc sintaqsuri kavSiris
erT-erTi
saxeobis, safuZvelze iqmneba Sesityveba, romlis cvlileba eqvemdebareba
gabatonebuli sityvis formis cvlilebas (новый дом, нового дома, новому
дому...); winadadeba, romlis mTavari wevrebi koordinireben erTmaneTTan,
Sedis winadadebis paradigmaSi da icvleba misi formacvalebadobis
wesebis mixedviT (Дом - новый; Дом был новый/новым; Дом будет
новый/новым...). 4. SeTanxmebis dros SesityvebaSi iqmneba gansazRvrebiTi
(arapredikatuli) mimarTeba; koordinacia ki aformebs iseT kavSirs,
89
rodesac esa Tu is niSani ganekuTvneba konkretul dros, anu aris
predikatuli (Русская грамматика, 1980 94-95).
am argumentTa Soris, romelic saxeldeba koordinaciis rogorc
sintaqsuri kavSiris gansakuTrebuli tipis dasacavad, pirveli, meore da
mesame sadavoa, meoTxes ki TavisTavad ar SeuZlia iyos sakmarisi
safuZveli sintaqsuri kavSiris axali tipis gamoyofisaTvis.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
1.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, predikatuli erTeulis mTavar
komponentTa Soris sintaqsuri mimarTebebi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas
rogorc Tanasworobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis mimarTeba. vinaidan
azrobriv, semantikur-sintaqsur mimarTebas gamoxatavs Semasmeneli,
qvemdebare ki predikatul erTeulSi asrulebs wminda nominaciur
funqcias, unda vaRiaroT, rom sintaqsur mimarTebas am sityvaTformebs
Soris aqvs Semasmenlis qvemdebarisagan calmxrivi
damokidebulebis
xasiaTi.
wminda formaluri TvalsazrisiT unda vaRiaroT, rom rusul enaSi
Semasmenlis qvemdebarisadmi formaluri mimsgavsebisas (Sewyobisas)
Semasmenlis piris, ricxvis da
sqesis formebis gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia, pirvel rigSi, qvemdebaris gramatikuli formebiT. SeTanxmebuli
sityvis gramatikuli formis arCevis sintaqsuri meqanizmi erTnairia
predikatuli erTeulis predikatuli safuZvlis donezec da Sesityvebis
donezec.
2.
Sesityvebis "новый дом" moyvanili paradigma efuZvneba
arsebiTi saxelis "дом" paradigmas. magram arsebiTi saxelis paradigmaSi,
rogorc cnobilia, Sedis ara marto brunvis formebi, aramed ricxvis
formebic. Semasmenlis qvemdebaresTan SeTanxmebis dros sintaqsuri
kavSiri ricxvis orive formas gasdevs (Дом – новый; Дома – новые. Sdr.
agreTve: Он новый. Она новая. Оно новое. Они новые).
3.
amrigad,
sityvaTa Sewyoba, romelic agebulia Semasmenlis
qvemdebaresTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, aseve SeiZleba Seicvalos
gabatonebuli sityvis cvlilebis mixedviT.
4.
semantikur-sintaqsur mimarTebas Semasmenelsa da qvemdebares
Soris Cveulebriv axasiaTeben rogorc predikatuls. magram zmnis kilosa
da drois gramatikuli kategoriebi, romlebSic xdeba predikatulobis
mniSvnelobis realizacia, ar gansazRvraven predikatuli erTeulis
mTavar komponentTa Soris arsebul semantikur-sintaqsuri mimarTebebis
arss (magaliTad, moqmedebis kuTvnileba subieqtisadmi an garkveuli
90
niSnis mis matareblisadmi). kilosa da drois kategoriebis meSveobiT
xdeba am mimarTebebis gadatana garkveul droiT-modalur planSi.
amrigad, Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba qvemdebaresTan cota rameTi Tu gansxvavdeba gansazRvrebis SeTanxmebisagan ara marto formaluri, aramed semantikuri mxridanac.
aqedan gamomdinare, unda vaRiaroT, rom ar aris sakmarisad safuZvliani mizezebi, ris gamoc Cven unda vTqvaT uari Semasmenlis qvemdebarisadmi formaluri misadagebis (Sewyobis) daxasiaTebisas tradiciuli
terminis `SeTanxmeba~ gamoyenebaze. pirvel rigSi, es exeba im SemTxvevebs,
rodesac Semasmeneli gamoxatulia zmnis piriani formiT, zedsarTavi _
saxeliT an vnebiTi gvaris mimReobiT.
Tuki Semasmeneli gamoxatulia arsebiTi saxeliT (zmnuri kopulaTi
an mis gareSe), maSin predikatuli erTeulis mTavar komponentTa Soris
sintaqsuri kavSiris tipi ukve sxvagvaria. es dakavSirebulia imasTan,
rom Semasmenlis rolSi funqcionirebuli arsebiTi saxelis ricxvisa da
brunvis formebi damokidebulia ara qvemdebaris gramatikul niSnebze,
aramed sxva faqtorebze. lingvistur literaturaSi aseT sintaqsur
kavSirs zogjer uwodeben `korelacias~.
literatura
Белошапкова 1977 – Белошапкова В. А., Современный русский язык,
Синтаксис, М. 1977.
Буслаев 1959 – Буслаев Ф. И., Историческая грамматика русского языка, М.
1959.
Востоков 1874 – Востоков А. Х., Русская грамматика, 12-е изд. СПб. 1874.
Давыдов 1852 – Давыдов И. И., Опыт общесравнительной грамматики
русского языка, 2-е изд., СПб. 1852.
Овсянико-Куликовский 1912 – Овсянико-Куликовский Д. Н., Синтаксис
русского языка, 2-е изд. СПб. 1912.
Потебня 1958 – Потебня А. А., Из записок по русской грамматике, .Т.1-2, М.
1958.
Русская грамматика 1980. Русская грамматика. М.,. Т.2. Синтаксис.
Уфимцева 1979 – Уфимцева Н. В., Психолингвистические характеристики
функционирования категории падежа существительного в русском языке //
Психолингвистические проблемы грамматики, М. 1979.
Шахматов 2007 – Шахматов А. А.,Синтаксис русского языка, Изд. 4, 2007.
91
Marina Aleksidze
On the Essence of the Syntactic Relationship between the Main
Components of the Predicative Unit in the Russian Language
Summary
The article deals with the syntactic relations formed between the main parts
of a two-member sentence in the Russian language.
In the recent period there has appeared a tradition to define these relations as
interdependence, coordination, which is a result of the co-existence of agreement,
in which the dependence of the predicate on the subject is realized, and
governance, in which the dependence of the subject on the predicate is realized. It
is demonstrated in the article that the Nominative case of the subject is the case of
pure nomination, which does not express any semantic-syntactic relations, hence,
the Nominative case of the subject is an independent and non-governable form.
The analysis of the arguments substantiating the difference of agreement and
coordination, shows their unfoundedness, and proceeding from this, it should be
acknowledged that there are no well-grounded reasons to single out a new syntactic
relationship and to reject the traditional term "agreement" when characterizing the
formal correspondence of the predicate with the subject.
92
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
qeTevan gigaSvili
II xolmeobiTi saSuali saukuneebis ZeglTa enis mixedviT
II xolmeobiTis ZiriTadi funqcia Zvel qarTulSi mravalgzisi
jerobis gamoxatva iyo
warsul droSi, riTac igi opoziciur wyvils
qmnida wyvetilTan, rogorc erTgzisi jerobis gamomxatvel mwkrivTan.
II xolmeobiTi wyvetils III piris niSnebiTac upirispirdeboda. aq
iseTive suraTi gvqonda, rogorc awmyosa da awmyos xolmeobiTis SemTxvevaSi. am periodis enaSi xSiria am opoziciur wyvilTa urTierTSenacvlebis SemTxvevebi, rac xolmeobiTis mwkrivTa Sesustebaze
miuTiTebs. II xolmeobiTis moSlis dasawyisi `sinur mravalTavSi~
SeiniSneba, sadac mas, marTalia, iSviaTad, magram ukve wyvetilis formebi
enacvleba. am tipis ramdenime magaliTi gamovlenilia oTxTavis
nusxebSic. fiqroben, rom es mwkrivi zog dialeqtSi am droisaTvis ukve
moiSala. es unda momxdariyo samxreT qarTul dialeqtur arealSi,
romelsac emyareboda VIII-XI saukuneTa qarTuli samwerlobo ena
(sarjvelaZe 1984, 449, 451).
bunebrivia,
wyvetilis
mwkrivTan
Senacvlebis
SemTxvevebi
gansakuTrebiT xSirdeba saSual qarTulSi. Senacvleba maSinac xdeba,
roca mravalgzisi jeroba gamoixateba da maSinac, roca zmnis SinaarsiT
erTgzisi jeroba igulisxmeba. nimuSebi:
`zogjer Semcvian sevdaTa, vTqvni sawuTrois gmobani~ (vefx., 393
(90), d); Sdr.: vhTqveni ABMXA1.
`mivdiodi gzasa, laSqari Tu mÃeci gardamekidis, moverivi yuelasa~
(amirand., 370, 1-2); Sdr.: moverive ORT.
`Seasxian qeba da moarTuian ZRueni amiran darejanisZesa, movidian
mebuke-medabdabeni~ (iqve, 305, 7-8); Sdr.: Siasxes B, Seasxes KLMRT,
Seasxnes N, moarTves B.
am magaliTebSi moqmedebis mravalgzisoba gadmoicema.
davimowmebT nimuSebs, sadac jeroba erTgzisia, magram gamoiyeneba II
xolmeobiTi:
`igi iyo umjobesi maT Soris, romelman dayaris abjari da
tanisamosi da SiSueli mirbodis~ (q. cx., II, 446, 6-7). am winadadebaSi
uwyvetlis xolmeobiTic uwyvetlis nacvladaa naxmari.
`dilasa mcvelman misman Camoxurnis karni da daamwyvdivis mas Sina~
(q. cx., IV, 29, 11-12); Sdr.: Camoxuris A.
`meoresa dResa Sejdis mefe... da mividis adrian~ (iqve, 29, 12-13).
93
ra Tqma unda, gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac II xolmeobiTi
wyvetilTan Senacvlebis gareSe ixmareba. magaliTebi:
`ahyaris gareT nadimi, sawolsa Sevidis, didebulni Tana Seitannis,
ukeTesi da uSuenieresi nadimi mun gardaiÃadis~ (amirand., 363_364).
`visca kargi avaza hyvis... mis saxlisa misvlis JamisaTuis
Seinaxian~ (iqve, 362, 5-7);
`dRiv da Rame vtirodi, nadirobasa viyav Tu sumad vjdi~ (visr.,
252, 30-31).
`mjobi da uZvirfasesi WurWeli moiRis, umxiarule nadimi daudvis
da yovelive uZRvnis~ (s. s. orb., I, 9, 4-5).
`kaci erTi CaRmarTs Cavidis, aikidis lodi mrgvali, amovidis
aRmarT, daagoris, CaRmarT kidev Cavidis, aikidis, amoitanis da daagoris,
CamotanaSi xvneSodes da, ra daagoris lodi, icinodis~ (iqve, 92-93); da
sxva.
mwkrivTa Senacvlebis SemTxvevebi iSviaTobas ar warmoadgens
saanalizo periodis ZeglebSi. es uRlebis sistemis dinamikurobiT
aixsneba, rodesac erT konkretul formas sxvadasxva konteqstSi
sxvadasxva Sinaarsis gadmocema SeuZlia. II xolmeobiTi II TurmeobiTis
nacvladac SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli:
`dakris da, roca xmali gamoiwodis, kargman muSam rom celi
mousos, imis msgzavsad scelevdis TiTos xmlis moqneviT, egebis aTiTormeti kaci moklis~ (amirand., 179, 8-9).
`eseTi dRe ar gardaÃdis, Tumca xaTunni, didebulTa colni ar
ewuivnian da maTTuis ar gaexarebia da maemani ar eqmna~ (visr., 287, 288).
gaexarebia da eqmna II TurmeobiTis formebia.
`mis dRiTgan dRe aRar wavida aseTi, rome simdidrisa misisa
saferi saboZvari ar momividis xelmwifisagan~ ( rusud., 572, 35-37).
`xorcsac imiTi recxden da odes daxocdes, im wyals miuSvebdes,
rom sisxli, tyavi da Tav-fexi im wyalma waiRis~ (iqve, 209, 6-8).
`fucvides RmerTsa, romel quemoT nasrolman isarman fari da
jaWviani kaci gaiaris da miwasa naxevrad daesÂs~ ( q. cx., II, 446, 4-5).
zogjer II xolmeobiTi iqac SeiZleba Segvxvdes, sadac dRes,
Cveulebriv, myofadis wreSi Semavali xolmeobiTi gamoiyeneba:
`ese iyo pirveli augi Savisa Wabukisa, rome rasaca kacsa moerivis,
ar daarCinis da iswrafda SuRlsa~ (amirand., 43, 5-6); Sdr.: moereodis
FLQRS , moereoda GHMN, daarCendis BFHLMNPS, daarCenda G.
`ese iyo Cveuleba mis mZinarisa Wabukisa: vire ar Searyivian, ar
gaiRuiZis~ (iqve, 38, 10-11).
`ukeTu Sejdis, falavansa gaemarjueboda~ (q. cx., II, 377,9); Sdr.:
gaemarjvis C.
94
`esoden mosawyinelica iyo simravle igi tyueTa, vidremdis
Seiyvanian qalaqad da erTad kutlad fukisad gayidian~ (iqve, 128, 12-13).
II xolmeobiTi Zvel qarTulSi TxrobiTi kilos momavali drois
mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba, rac saintereso faqtia. amisi magaliTebi
saSuali saukuneebis ZeglebSic gvxvdeba da sakmaod xSirad. nimuSebi:
`Tu oqroqsovili Cinuri ar iyvis, tansa ar Caimoso~ (visr., 223,
19-20).
`me ra Sengan Wirni movigonni, cecxli ferÃiT tuinamdis
gamiÃdebis da TualTa jeoni mdindebis~ (iqve, 206, 30-32);
`vinRa hkadris Sen Zmas viros cnoba~ (iqve,6);
`ufali ampartavanTa Semusravs, xolo mdabalTa moscis madli~ (q.
cx., II, 460, 30-32).
`Tqva, Tu: `Cveni saqme magas hkiTxeT, magan Tqvisa~ (Teim., I, 88,
230, 2).
rogorc Cans, damowmebul magaliTebSi II xolmeobiTi an cvlis
myofads, an enacvleba mas. momavali drois gadmosacemad igi II
kavSirebiTTanac monacvleobs:
`ra gaTendes, waval xvale~ (vefx., 272 (71) d), Sdr.: gaTendis R.
`da Tu amisgani gayofili giTxris, yoveli tkbili aSundes da
amaTgani ara eamos, can, viTarmed salmoba misi Telgmisa ars~ (karab., I,
79,19-20).
`sisxlisa gza dauyvis Telgmama da misgan iqmnis Zgera gulisa da
gulis Zgerisagan iqmnis wyliT mankieroba. gardamovidis RuiZlisagan
wyali da Seriis sisxli. pirvelad iwyis gasulad pirisa da Ãelisa,
maSa Seukrbes mucelsa da moklas kaci~ (iqve, 124, 15-16).
`romelni odes mamaTa Tana dawvian da uZleb iqmnen mciredsa Jamsa
da merme ivnon da romelTa SemTxuivnen, miviwyeba ergebis kolinjasa
qarsa~ (iqve, 113, 6-1).
sakmaod xSiria II xolmeobiTi am funqciiT samedicino Sinaarsis
teqstebSi.
garda TxrobiTi kilosi, II xolmeobiTma SeiZleba kavSirebiTi
kiloc gadmosces. aseT SemTxvevebSi is II kavSirebiTs cvlis:
`RorRovani, Rrmad metyveli ecado, rom sul Seigni, maSin
sibrZnis gza da kvali usaTuod mal gaigni~ (arC., I, 12, 84, 3-4).
`viTxov Semiwynaro, mimkvdarebuls mamaSveli ukvdavebis wyaro~
(guramiSv., 220, 20-21).
`zaal, minda, rom marixman Semomadgis gulsa sveti~ (Sah-name, I,
354, 1293, dad.).
`esreTs rasmes gviTxrobs, misi qmna ar egebodes da mefobave Seni
miiRis~ (s. s. orb., I, 20, 6-7).
95
`mter arian yovelTa kacTa, raTa nebavs mas, raTa ixilis qoneba
sxvaTa, raTamca TviT miiRis RonisZiebaTa riTame~ (s. s. orb., III, 107,
18-20), da sxv.
ician zmna warmoSobiT II xolmeobiTia. iSviaTad is am mwkrivis
formiT Cndeba:
`ra Jami ician, moswyueddian da alafobdian~ (q. cx., IV, 271, 1314).
`ra icis Jami, brZoda~ (iqve, 404, 16-17).
am mwkrivSi erTgan vTqvi zmnis obieqturi wyobis forma Segvxvda:
`vin mTqvis me kaci xis darad, damrgis, qve wyali misxisa~
(guramiSv., 11, 3-6).
sainteresod migvaCnia is faqti, rom brZanebiTi kilos gamoxatva
saSual qarTulSi II xolmeobiTsac SeuZlia. igi xSirad monacvleobs
wyvetilis mwkrivTan, romelic II pirisTvis ukve gamoxatavs brZanebiT
kilos, aqedan gamomdinare, am funqcias zogjer II xolmeobiTic iTavsebs.
es mwkrivi saSual qarTulSi (da ZvelSic) xSirad ixmareba momavali
drois TxrobiTi kilos gadmosacemad. brZanebiTi kilo,
ZiriTadad,
momavalSi Sesasrulebel moqmedebas gulisxmobs. vfiqrobT, am faqtoriT
unda aixsnas II xolmeobiTis mier brZanebiTi kilos funqciis SeTavseba
saanalizo periodSi. nimuSebi: `miTxra: `egre wasvlisaTvis nu gaCnia
gulsa daRi, simZimilTa erdo dahxaS, sixarulis kari aRi~ [vefx., 400
(397), g].
`fici, romel avi ara miyo ra da mogaÃsenoo~ (amirand., 113, 7-8);
Sdr.: hfice L.
`sulsa da gulsa mogiZRvni, viT gwaddes, inebieri!~ (arC., I, 166,
246,1).
`laSqari da xazinani, viT genebos, maixmari!~ (guramiSv., 178, 302).
`Tu swonde, esreT woni, Tu zomde, esreT zome~ (karab., II, 750,
13-14).
aq II xolmeobiTi da wyvetili ukve brZanebiTi kilos funqciiT
eTavsebian erTmaneTs.
rodesac wyvetilis niSnad –i aqvs zmnas, iq Zneli gamosarkvevia,
brZanebiT kilos II pirisTvis wyvetilis mwkrivi gamoxatavs Tu II
xolmeobiTisa:
`daasxi mas zeda wyali da urie. da uSui Jami erTi da gaisuenos
da daRuari wyali misi da Suidjer ese daasxi da merme gaRuaro da
gauSui, rome gaÃmes~ (iqve, II, 662, 17-19). aq daRuari namdvilad II
xolmeobiTia.
brZanebiTi kilos funqciiT III piris formac dasturdeba:
`Tu naxis niSani Savisa naRvlisa, CaurTis Siga Savi Ãaris Zira anu
afTimoni CaurTos ... da merme Seasuis misgan ori mityali... zogjer
96
Seqnis marcualad muxudosa odeni da Seasuis misgan ori mityali...
viTarca Zali naxis sneulisa, da Tu naxo niSani da iyos wiTlisa
naRvlisagan... CaurTos Tana sayamunia~ (karab., I, 299, 9-10).
sruliad bunebrivia, rom aRniSnuli funqciiT II xolmeobiTebis
gverdiT xSirad
kavSirebiTebis mwkrivebic gamoiyeneba, romelTac
saSuali saukuneebis ZeglebSi
ukve ganawilebuli aqvT I da II
brZanebiTebis funqciebi:
`odes naxos igi, iyos... reulobisagan, Seurivis ama wamalTagan
iarajsa Tana, raguarca damiweria miT wesiTa~ (iqve, 299, 17-19).
`igi urevdes zeTsa Rarisasa anu zeTsa berZnulsa cuilsa Tana da
uyvian Siga wamlebi mÃurvalebi, romel ergebis amas melisa snebasa~
(iqve, 301, 21-23).
`odes scxian mas adgilsa, romelsa Sina iyvis tkivili da
uZlieresi, umxurvalesi farbioni iyvis, dagalian da aurian zogTa amaT
zeTTa Sigan, romelni miÃsenebian da mciredi Zmrisagan da uZlieresi da
umÃurvalesi farbioni iyvis, dagalian da aurian zogTa amaT zeTTa
Sigan, romelni miÃsenebian~ (iqve, 301, 24-28).
`icniT ara niSniTa, romeli dagiweroT amas quemoT~ (karab., II,
680, 36-37).
`rodes undodes keTrisa ufalsa Setyueba, asre qnian, pirvelad
sadaca keTri iyuis, nemsiTa moCxulitian da Tu gamovidis sisxli,
imedovnad iyunian kurnebasa missa da Tu ar gamovidis_ara kurnian~ (iqve,
616, 36-41).
`Tu ebiskopozs didebulman aginos, ormoci aTasi TeTri dauurvos
da didad Seexuewis~ (sam., Z., I, 465, 106).
erTgan I piris formiTac aris brZanebiToba gamoxatuli:
`aw movidiT da movklaT ese~ (sam. Z., II, 115).
II xolmeobiTi gamoxatavs nu nawilakian ukuTqmiT brZanebiTsac:
`nuRar sdgi, wamodi~ (qarT. epist. wy. korp., 25, # 1).
`maS, cudad nuRar meferi, uwyalov, aw miCvene piri Seni!~
(nargizovani, 33, 2,3-4).
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom II xolmeobiTis formebi mravlad
moipoveba saanalizo periodis ZeglebSi, misi funqciebi faqtobrivad
moSlilia: igi gvxvdeba iq, sadac mravalgzisoba ar aris gadmocemuli. am
funqciiT mis nacvlad xSirad wyvetilis mwkrivia gamoyenebuli. gvaqvs II
xolmeobiTis sxva mwkrivebTan Senacvlebis SemTxvevebic: kerZod, ixmareba
iseT konteqstebSi, sadac dRes Cveulebriv II TurmeobiTi, myofadis wris
xolmeobiTi da II kavSirebiTi gamoiyeneba. am ukanasknelTan Senacvlebis
gamo gamoxatavs kavSirebiT kilosac. mwkrivTa Senacvlebis faqtebi
damaxasiaTebelia gardamavali periodis ZeglebisTvis, aq xSirad erT
zmnur formas sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva Sinaarsis gadmocema
97
SeuZlia. es mwkrivi saSual qarTulSi (da ZvelSic) xSirad ixmareba
momavali drois TxrobiTi kilos gadmosacemadac. es faqti erT-erTi
mizezia II xolmeobiTis mier brZanebiTi kilos funqciis SeTavsebisa
saanalizo periodSi: brZanebiTi kilo xom, ZiriTadad, momavalSi Sesasrulebel moqmedebas gulisxmobs. garda amisa, rogorc Zvel qarTulSi
(SedarebiT nakleb), aseve saSuali saukuneebis ZeglebSi (ufro xSirad)
II xolmeobiTi xSirad monacvleobs wyvetilis mwkrivTan, romelsac II
brZanebiTis moSlis Semdeg II pirisTvis brZanebiTobis gadmocema daekisra. swored aqedan gamomdinare iTavsebs II xolmeobiTic zogjer am
funqcias. xSiria misi ukuTqmiTi brZanebiTi kilos funqciiT gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebic. ase rom, II xolmeobiTi saSual qarTulSi samive kilos
funqciebiT dasturdeba.
damowmebuli wyaroebi
vefx.: SoTa rusTveli, vefxistyaosani, teqsti ZiriTadi variantebiT, komentarebiTa da leqsikoniTurT, or tomad, a. SaniZisa da a. baramiZis redaqciiT, t.
I, Tb. 1966.
amirand.: mose xoneli, amirandarejaniani, gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da
leqsikoni daurTo l. aTaneliSvilma, Tb. 1967.
visr.:
visramiani, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTes a. gvaxariam da m. Toduam, Tb. 1962.
rusud.: rusudaniani, i. abulaZisa da iv. gigineiSvilis redaqciiT, Tb. 1957.
q. cx., II, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb. 1959.
q. cx., IV,qarTlis cxovreba, batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, Tb. 1973.
qarT. epist. wy.: I. qarTuli epistolaruli wyaroebis korpusi, I, qarTuli
epistolaruli wyaroebi XVs. 1762 w. Seadgina, gamosacemad moamzada,
gamokvleva da SeniSvnebi daurTo mamisa berZeniSvilma, Tb. 1989.
Sah-name, I: Sah-name, anu mefeTa wignis qarTuli versiebi, I, teqsti gamosca da
winasityvaoba da leqsikoni daurTo iustine abulaZem, Tb. 1916.
karab., I: karabadini, zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili, samkurnalo wigni, karabadini,
I, teqsti moamzada, gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi, saZieblebi da leqsikoni daurTo
prof. m. Sengeliam, Tb. 1986.
karab., II:
karabadini, zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili, samkuralo wigni,
karabadini, II, teqsti moamzada, gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi, saZieblebi da
leqsikoni daurTo prof. m. Sengeliam. Tb. 1989.
nargiz.: nargizovani, XVIII saukunis lirikuli poema, al. baramiZis redaqciiT,
teqsti, winasityvaoba, leqsikoni, tfilisi 1936.
Teim. I, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, teqsti, gamokvleva, leqsikoni, al.
baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqciiT, tfilisi, 1934.
98
s. s. orb. I: sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani, t. I, gamosacemad moamzades s.
yubaneiSvilma da l. baramiZem, Tb. 1959.
s. s. orb. III: sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani, III, gamosacemad moamzada,
gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo ivane lolaSvilma, Tb. 1963.
guramiSv.: guramiSvili daviT, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, teqsti, gamokvleva,
leqsikoni. al. baramiZisa da s. iordaniSvilis redaqciiT, daviTiani, Tqmuli
guramiSvilis daviTisgan, 1955.
sam. Z. I: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da
leqsikoni daurTo i. doliZem, Tb. 1963.
sam. Z. II: qarT. samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II. teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da
leqsikoni daurTo i. doliZem, Tb. 1965.
arC. I: arCiliani, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. t. I, al. baramiZisa
da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, tfilisi 1936.
literatura
sarjvelaZe 1984 _ z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis
Sesavali, Tbilisi 1984.
Ketevan Gigashvili
The Second Conditional according to the Language of the Medieval Texts
Summary
The article deals with the functions of the Second Conditional on the basis of
the language of medieval texts. As a result of the analysis of ample material, a
conclusion is made that despite the frequent use of its forms in texts of the period
under discussion, its functions are in fact disrupted: it is found in cases where
recurrence is not expressed. Often the Aorist screeve is used with this function in
its place. There are instances of the replacement of the Second Conditional by other
screeves as well (the Second Evidential, the Conditional of the Future sub-series
and the Second Subjunctive). Due to the substitution by the latter, it also expresses
the subjunctive mood.
This screeve in Medieval (as well as Old) Georgian often is used to convey
the indicative mood of the future tense. This fact is one of the reasons why the
Second Conditional acquires the function of the imperative mood in the period
under study: indeed, the imperative mood mostly implies an action to be performed
in future. The author considers as another reason the alternation with the Aorist
screeve, which after the disappearance of the Second Imperative was charged with
the function of conveying the commanding to the second person. The cases of its
use with the function of the negative imperative are frequent too. Thus, the Second
Conditional is recorded in Medieval Georgian with the functions of all the three
moods.
99
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
vaxtang imnaiSvili
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwerasTan
dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi
marTlweris wesebi droTa viTarebaSi yalibdeba, zogierTi sityva
dResac im saxiT ixmareba, rogorc saukuneebis winaT iwereboda, zogma ki
saxe icvala. araerT sityvas dRes ramdenime varianti moepoveba (mag.,
TiToeuli, TviTeuli, TviToeuli; ramodenime, ramdenime...), romelTagan
saTanado kompetenturi organoebi erT-erTs aZleven upiratesobas, sxvebi
ki an miuReblad aris miCneuli, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, arasasurvelad,
magram dasaSvebad.
zogjer sityvas ori varianti aqvs, magram zemoT aRniSnulisagan
gansxvavebiT orive dasaSvebia, radgan maT sxvadasxva Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva aqvT da konteqstis mixedviT sxvadasxvanairad iwereba
(araerTi da ara erTi; lukmapuri da lukma puri, xarkameCi da xarkameCi...).
ama Tu im sityvis zogierTma variantma, miuxedavad imisa, rom wesis
mixedviT ar unda ixmarebodes da miuRebladaa miCneuli, mainc imZlavra,
fexi moikida enaSi da nel-nela gamodevna marTebuli daweriloba
(magaliTad gamogvadgeba i-fuZiani sityvebi: vTqvaT, taqsma, cunamma,
helsinkSi... /wesis Tanaxmad, marTebulia taqsim, cunamim, helsinkiSi.../).
zogjer marTlweris esa Tu is wesi, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi
yvelasaTvis savaldebulo iyo da misi dawerilobis sisworeSi eWvi
aravis Sehparvia, dRes sakamaTo gamxdara imitom, rom brmad mivdevdiT,
ukontrolod, TiTqosda ueWvel dawerilobas (mag., `erT-erTi~ nacvlad
`erTerTisa~).
zogjer Znelia revizia gaukeTo ganmtkicebul wess da daweriloba,
romelsac Tvali mieCvia, magram araswori saxiTaa gavrcelebuli, axliT
Secvalo. magram es mainc xdeba da unda moxdes kidec. xom ar SeiZleba
aseulobiT sityvis daweriloba daimaxsovros kacma, cxadia, umjobesia,
gvqondes formula, dasabuTebuli wesi, romelsac daeqvemdebareba
calkeuli sityvebi. im formulas, yalibs movargebT saWoWmano sityvebs
da amiT saqmec gaadvildeba da sxvadasxvaobac Semcirdeba, siWrele
SeizRudeba.
axla minda erTi sityvis, Cemi fiqriT, yovlad gaumarTlebel
Caweras Sevexo. esaa `pirvelis~ gamoxatva arabuli `erTianiTa~ da li
/eli sufiqsiT.
100
`Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebSi~ (pirveli
krebuli, 1970) 73-e gverdze SeniSnulia: `rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis
arabuli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas sxvadasxvagvari daweriloba gvxvdeba:
me-10, me-10-e; zogjer pirvelsac weren arabuli cifrebiT: 1-li an
1-eli, romauli cifrebis gamoyenebisasac gvxvdeba sxvadasxvagvari daweriloba: XIX, me-XIX, me-XIX-e~. magram qvemoT mocemulia ukve
rekomendacia, ufro metic, pirdapiri moTxovna: `rigobiTi ricxviTi
saxelebis marTlweraSi erTgvarobis dasamyareblad unda gatardes
Semdegi wesebi... b) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis romauli cifrebiT
gamosaxvisas arc Tavsa da arc boloSi prefiqsi an sufiqsi ar daerTos:
XIX da ara me-XIX an me-XIX-e... d) ricxviTi saxeli pirveli daiweros
an asoebiT an romauli cifriT (pirveli an I), an arabuli cifriT ase:
1-li~. aq 1-eli ukve aRaraa daSvebuli. maSasadame, `pirvelis~
dawerilobasTan dakavSirebuli wesi erTgvarad SezRudulia, gamkacrebulia.
sxvadasxva saxelmZRvanelo Tu saenaTmecniero naSromi, sadac am
sakiTxis Sesaxeb aris msjeloba _ rogor daiweros sityva `pirveli~,
`normebis~ rekomendacias misdevs (asec unda iyos) da, Tu am sityvas
asoebiT ar weren an romaul `I~-s ar mimarTaven, arabuli `erTianis~
Semdeg defiss xmaroben, rasac Semdeg li anda eli sufiqsi mosdevs.
Tuki saxelobiTis nacvlad sxva brunvaa saWiro, maSin arCeuli brunvis
Sesaferisad sxvadasxvanair kombinacias gvTavazoben.
`pirveli arabuli cifriT ase gamoixateba: 1-li (1-lma, 1-ls, 1lSi, 1-lic, 1-lsac...)~ (kvaWaZe 1981, 202).
`ricxvis cifriT gamoxatvisas fuZeze darTuli elementebi _
brunvis niSani (garda saxelobiTisa), nawilaki da Tandebuli _ defisiT
gamoeyofa cifrs 1-ma, 5-sa da 3-s... I-c, II-Si. pirveli arabuli cifriT
ase gamoixateba: 1-li, 1-lSi...~ (feiqriSvili 1992, 95).
`Tu sityva pirveli arabuli cifriT davwereT, maSin rigiTobis
aRsaniSnavad mas unda daerTos defisi da sityvis bolo nawili li: 1li~ (basilaia 1960, 132).
roca `pirveli~ msazRvrelad axlavs micemiTSi an viTarebiTSi
dasmul sazRvruls, iSviaTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes, magaliTad, 1-l marts,
ufro ki gavrcelebulia l-s nacvlad el daboloeba: 1-el marts. magram
aq kiTxva Cndeba: aki 1-li iyo rekomendebuli normebis mier!! saidan da
ratom gaCnda eli? isic sakiTxavia, saerTod, ris maqnisia li an el
arabul cifrTan?
cifrebis daxmarebiT `pirvelis~ gadmosacemad yvelaze metad
gavrcelebulia 1 (`erTiani~), defisi da li an eli sufiqsi saWiro
brunvis Sesabamisad (roca arabuli cifris gamoyenebas vapirebT).
samecniero literaturaSi da presis furclebze gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli
101
dawerilobebic: 1-li, 1-ls, 1-lSi, 1-lsac, agreTve 1-el, 1-eli, 1-els, 1elis... da, Tu romaul cifrs vixmarT: I, I-s, I-isa, I-ls, I-lis...).
erTmaneTis miyolebiT dawerili `erTiani~ (1), defisi da li an eli
sufiqsi, wesiT, unda wavikiTxoT rogorc erTli an erTeli da ara
pirveli. pirvels romauli cifri IAaRniSnavs, arabul 1-s ki mxolod
`erTi~ Seesatyviseba.
`1~ (erTiani) pirvels mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs: roca mas
romelime Tvis dasaxeleba mosdevs: `1 aprili~, `1 maiss~... an aseT
gamoTqmebSi: `#1 avtobusi~ [=nomeri pirveli (/pirveli nomeri)
avtobusi]... magram am SemTxvevaSi maT li anda eli sufiqsebi ar erTvis.
`#1~ yovelTvis `pirvel nomers~ ar aRniSnavs, zogjer igi SeiZleba
`nomeri erTic~ iyos.
aseT dawerilobas mieCvia Tvali da es ar gveCveneba wesidan
gadaxvevad. magram saqme isaa, rom marTlweris miRebuli wesebis Tanaxmad
amgvari Cawera sul sxvagvarad unda iqnes wakiTxuli.
kargi iyo, am sakiTxze `orTografiul leqsikonSi~ yofiliyo rame
naTqvami, magram iq araa ganxiluli CvenTvis amJamad saintereso SemTxveva.
vnaxoT ramdenime magaliTi:
A)
1) amJamad moqmedi eleqtroenergiis tarifi 2006 wlis 1-el
ivniss amoqmedda (kviris palitra, #31, 2007, gv. 27).
2) 1-el maisamde moxmarebuli gazis safasurs Zveli tarifiT gada-vixdiT (rezonansi, #15, 2006, gv. 9).
3) a.w. 1-el marts ...afxazebma 3 zugdideli studenti daapatimres
(kviris palitra, #19, 2007, gv. 16).
4) gagi xvedeliZe 1-el Tebervals respublikuri saavadmyofos me11 sarTulze gadaiyvanes (kviris palitra, #6, 2007, gv. 2).
5) ruseTisTvis 2009 wlis 1-el ianvramde msoflio savaWro
organizaciaSi Sesvla metismetad mniSvnelovania (kviris palitra, #15,
2007, gv. 16).
B)
1) erTgan el-is nacvlad mxolod l uxmariaT: moiTxoven, rom
samarTaldamcavebma droulad da obieqturad gamoiZion
1-l ivliss
avariis dros daRupuli farulavas saqme (qronika, #26, 2007, gv. 7).
2) aseuli 1-l agvistos astraxanidan gava yizlarisken (v.
maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, 1957, gv. 35). Sdr.: 1770 wlis 1 ianvars igi
mozdokSi iyo (iqve, gv. 50).
102
C)
1) 1-eli ivlisidan metroTi da municipaluri avtobusiT gzavroba
gaZvirdeba (kviris palitra, #20, 2007, gv. 4).
2) 1-eli aprilidan `ucxoelebi~ ganidevnen ruseTis savaWro
qselidan (kviris palitra, #15, 2007, gv. 16).
3) axali tarifi 1-eli maisidan amoqmedda (kviris palitra, #31,
07, gv. 27).
4)`gazpromi~ 2007 wlis 1-eli ianvridan aTas kubur metr rusul
airSi 230 dolaris gadaxdas moiTxovs (kviris palitra, #45, 2006, gv.
6).
5) 1-eli qveiTi brigadis piradi Semadgenloba kargadaa
momzadebuli (kviris palitra, #14, 2008, gv. 9).
D)
sxvagan arc el aris, arc eli da aRarc l, saerTod
gamoutovebiaT es sufiqsebi da gvaqvs 1-sac, 1-is da 1-isaTvis, romlebic,
maTi avtorebis fiqriT, unda gavSifroT, rogorc `pirvelsac~,
`pirvelis~, `pirvelisaTvis~.
1) dedofalma axal mpyrobels, pavle 1-sac mimarTa msgavsi
TxovniT (T. papava, didi saxeebi patara CarCoebSi, Tbil., 1990, gv. 253)
aseTi Cawera niSnavs ara pavle pirvels, aramed _ pavle erTs.
2) ganaxlda Zveli, petre 1-is droindeli gegma (i. cincaZe, aRamahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze (1795 weli), 1963, gv. 182).
3) miiRes pataki imereTis mefis solomon 1-is elCis yizlarSi
misvlis Sesaxeb (v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, gv. 27).
4) n.paninma winadadeba Seitana solomon 1-saTvis daxmareba
aRmoeCinaT (iqve, gv. 32).
Tu rogor gamoiTqmis erTad `erTiani~, defisi da ama Tu im
brunvis niSani (calke Tu Tandebulsa da nawilakTan erTobliobaSi),
amas avtorbolebis moyvarulebi televiziiT xSirad ismenen, roca
~formula 1~-is Sejibrebebs adevneben Tvalyurs. sportuli gazeTebis
furclebze xSirad SegxvdebaT am saxis cnobebi: formula 1-is msoflios
Cempioni (lelo, #69, 08, 14); formula _ 1-is piloti (mTavari gazeTi.
sporti, #29, 04,13), misi moRvaweobis periodSi formula 1-Si aravin
damtvreula (lelo, #237, 07, 16). am dawerilobebSi (SemoklebiT asec
weren: F_1) `formula-1~ gamoiTqmis rogorc `formula erTi~ da ara
`formula pirveli~. maSasadame, aq `1~ aRniSnavs `erTs~ da ara
`pirvels~.
vnaxoT erTi gancxadeba: `ra saxis informacia gainteresebT yvelaze
metad (CamoTvlilTagan)? dauwereT mas 9 qula, momdevnos _ 8 da a.S. 1mde~ (kviris palitra, #14, 2008, gv. 44). rogor unda gavSifroT `1103
mde~? vinc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis msgavsad 1-ls, 1-els, 1-s da
misTanaT wers, misTvis, albaT, aq `pirvelamde~ weria, sinamdvileSi ki
cxadia, Cvens magaliTSi `erTamde~ igulisxmeba.
axla sxva saxis darRvevac vnaxoT. meryeoba SeiniSneba im
SemTxvevebSic, roca arabulis magivrad romauli cifrebia naxmari: anton
I-s, anton I-isa (kvaWaZe 1977, 227) da anton I-ls, anton I-lis, imave
avtoris imave saxelmZRvaneloSi, gv. 452). romauli cifrebis gamoyenebisas gacilebiT martivi wesia dadgenili da siWrele ar unda gvqondes.
araswori dawerilobis zemoT damowmebul nimuSebs SeiZleba sxvebic davumatoT:
sulTanma solomon I-ls wyalobis wigni gaugzavna (v. maWaraZe,
aspinZis brZola, gv. 29).
n. panini solomon I-ls ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebas acnobebda
(iqve, gv. 31).
aqamde mxolod `pirvelze~ gvqonda saubari. modi sxva ricxvebsac
gadavxedoT. jer arabul cifrebs SevexoT.
`daviT aRmaSeneblis xeivani, me-20-e km. (alia, #17, 08, gv. 16).
prefiqs-sufiqsis erTdroulad gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. amaze
saskolo gramatikis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi aris miTiTebuli.
`Temis dasawyisi me-3-4 gverdebze~ (asaval-dasavali, #11, 08, gv.
5); `Temis dasawyisi me-3-5 gverdebze ~(iqve, gv. 6); `Temis gagrZeleba me5-7 gverdebze~ (iqve, gv. 4). arc ase daweraa swori. marTebulia me-3 _
me-4, me-3 _ me-5..., Tumca zogjer umjobesia analogiur SemTxvevebSi
romauli cifrebi vixmaroT. vTqvaT, `me-8-me-9 saukuneebs~ aSkarad sjobs
`VIII-IX saukuneebi~.
nu vifiqrebT, rom mxolod aseT siWreles SevxvdebiT presaSi,
literaturul Tu samecniero saxis produqciaSi. gvxvdeba sxvadasxvanairi darRveva. jer erTi, romauli cifrebis saSualebiT gamoxatul
rigobiTobis maCvenebel ricxvebs xSirad saerTod ar axlavs saTanado
brunvis niSani, Tandebuli an nawilaki (gavixsenoT, rom irib brunvebSi
brunvis niSani aucileblad unda axldes rigobiT ricxviT saxels, aseve,
Tandebuli da nawilakic). zemoT moyvanil nimuSebSi romaul I-s l
formanti mosdevda, rac sruliad zedmetia, radgan fuZeSi ivaraudeba),
meorec, Tu mainc gvxvdeba brunvis niSnebi, isini xSirad araswori saxiT
aris warmodgenili. vnaxoT mcdari dawerilobis ufro gavrcelebuli
magaliTebi, sxvanairad, vnaxoT: rogor ar unda vweroT:
A) romauli cifrebiT gamoxatul rigobiTobis maCvenebel ricxvs
brunvis niSani ar axlavs:
1) vaxtang VI politikam marcxi ganicada (v. maWaraZe, aspinZis
brZola, gv. 6) /=vaxtang VI-is/.
104
2) petre I mowodebisTanave vaxtang VI uyoymanod dadga ruseTis
mxareze (iqve, gv. 6) /=petre I-is/.
3) solomon I ruseTSi elCi gagzavna (iqve, gv. 28) /= solomon Ima/
4) qarTl-kaxeTis jarebis TurqeTze gamarjvebiT isargebla
solomon I (iqve, gv. 94) /=solomon I-ma/.
5) avtori mogviTxrobs afxazTa mefis konstantine III da kaxeTis
qorepiskoposis kvirike I erToblivi brZolis epizods (T. papuaSvili,
ranTa da kaxTa samefo, 1982, gv. 109) /=konstantine III-isa. kvirike I-is/.
B) brunvis niSani aklia Tandebulis win:
1) kvirike I-ma afxazTa mefe konstantine III-Tan erTad ilaSqra
(saqarTvelos istoria, I, Tsu, 2006, gv. 194).
2) proqarTuli orientacia aSkarad gamovlinda ... q. anisis samefos
bagrat IV-Tvis gadacemaSi (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, III, 1979,
gv. 195).
3)
gurgenis
saxe
sumbat
II-Tan erTad
gamoqandakebulia
(T.papuaSvili, ranTa da kaxTa samefo, gv. 237).
C) brunvis niSani arasworadaa naxmari:
1) demetre II-es sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg yaenma aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mefed daamtkica (saqarTvelos mefeebi, 2000, gv. 156).
2) giorgi VII-es mefobis dros (iqve, 166) Sdr. daviT VIII-is
dros (iqve, gv. 161) (v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, gv. 113).
3) aseT pirovnebad erekle II-s SviliSvili iqna SerCeuli (i.
cincaZe, aRa-mahmad xanis laSqroba..., gv. 64).
4) aRa-mahmad-xani zust cnobebs moeloda
erekle II-s
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (iqve, gv. 102).
5) mirian batoniSvils
ekaterine II-sTvis
moxsenebiTi baraTi
warudgenia (iqve, gv. 72)
6) totlebenis agenti Seipyres fridrix II-saTvis gadasacemi
saidumlo gegmebiT (v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, gv. 113).
axla vnaxoT rigobiTobis maCvenebeli afiqsebis arasworad
gamoyenebis nimuSebi:
D) zedmetia e sufiqsi:
1) giorgi II-e
piradad mfarvelobda mas (saqarTvelos mefeebi,
2000, gv. 73).
2) mefe bagrat IV-em daibruna rusTavi (m. lorTqifaniZe, ramdenime
SeniSvna p. ingoroyvas `rusTvelianas~ gamo: macne, #6, 1964, gv. 311).
3) demetre II-es Tavi mohkveTes (saqarTvelos mefeebi, gv. 155).
4) pugaCovma Tavi petre III-ed gamoacxada (xvalindeli dRe, #51,
04, gv. 15). (Sdr. asaSorium karieraSi 22-ed miiRo imperatoris Tasi
(lelo, #69, 08, gv. 11).
105
5) daviT III-em 997 wels alya Semoartya xlaTs (saqarTvelos
mefeebi, gv. 106).
E) zedmetia Mme prefiqsi:
1) daviT III... mefobda me-X s. me-2 naxevarSi (saqarTvelos mefeebi,
gv. 105).
2) me-XIV saukunis qarTveli istorikosi (T. papuaSvili, ranTa da
kaxTa samefo, gv. 155).
3) bagrat me-IV-m kaxeTis mTavrebi gaauqma (iqve, gv. 258).
4) qarTlis erismTavari me-VI_VII s mijnaze (iqve, gv. 46).
xSirad gansxvavebuli _ swori da araswori _ formebi erTmaneTis
mezoblad, zogjer uSualo mezoblobaSic gvxvdeba:
kvirike III Semdeg kaxeTis samefo taxtze adis
misi diswuli
gagiki (T.papuaSvili, ranTa da kaxTa samefo, gv. 222). Sdr. kvirike III-is
Semdeg kaxeTSi gamefebuli gagiki adgilobrivi samefo dinastiis,
bagrationTa, uaxloesi naTesavi iyo. am or gansxvavebul formas Soris
mxolod 11 striqonia.
ramdenad swori aRmoCnda kvirike I mier gadadgmuli nabiji (iqve,
gv. 193); Sdr. bagrat III-is mier (iqve, gv. 204).
aSot III-sTan (iqve, gv. 235). Sdr. sumbat II-Tan (iqve, gv. 237) da
kvirike III-Tan (iqve, gv. 239).F
fadla II-is memkvidre (iqve, 198) Sdr. fadla II dros ...fadla II
mTavrobis Jams adgili hqonia ... arabi amiras Semosevas (iqve, gv. 196);
ar mogvepoveba fadla II Tanamedrove arcerTi iseTi wyaro... (iqve)..
solomon I-is yabardoSi gagzavna (v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, gv.
110). Sdr. ekaterine II werili mowmobs (iqve, gv. 114).
aqedan iwyeba daviT VIII-es moRvaweobaSi axali diplomatiuri xazi
(saqarTvelos mefeebi, 2000, gv. 158), Sdr. momdevno gverdze: daviT VIIIis moRvaweoba.
Sah-abas II-em (iqve, gv. 193). imave gverdze: vaxtang V-m.
svimon II-es misca (iqve, gv. 189) da 11 sityvis Semdeg (!!): svimon
II-sac uRalata.
Sdr. agreTve: daviT VIII-e agzavnis kaTalikos abrahams (iqve, gv.
157), daviT VIII _ demetre II-es Ze (iqve, gv. 156) da me-V saukunis me2 naxevarSi (iqve, gv. 116).
n. baraTaSvilis skolis amxanagi konstantine mamacaSvili igonebs:
`me maxsovs imisi didi poema, romelic CemTan waukiTxavs, `iverielni~, am
poemaSi iyo aRwerili Cveni ayvavebuli cxovreba _ 10, 11 da 12
saukuneebisa~ (g. leoniZe, nikoloz baraTaSvili (mokle biografia),
n. baraTaSvili, Txzulebani, 1945, gv. XXIX) Cvenc ase vweroT, Tu
marTebuli me-10, me-11 da a. S. vixmaroT?
106
meryeoba arabul cifrTan dakavSirebiT erTi winadadebis farglebSic gvxvdeba: `mivedi sastumroSi, ara? nomeri mxvdeba mecamete,
garderobSi, TeatrSi, qurTukis dasakidad 13 nomers maZleven, samgzavro
bileTic TviTmfrinavis mecametea xolme (qronika, #7, 08, gv. 48). ra
Tqma unda, Cvens SemTxvevaSi `13~ `mecametes~ niSnavs..
risken gvibiZgebs aq moyvanili magaliTebi? raki arabuli cifri `1~
aRniSnavs `erTians~ da ara `pirvels~, amitom umjobesi iqneba, Tu
`pirvelis~ gadmosacemad arabul cifrebs saerTod aRar vixmarT,
`pirvels~ an asoebiT davwerT, an romaul cifrs gamoviyenebT, Tanac,
l-s gareSe (radgan es Tanxmovani sityvis fuZeSi ivaraudeba da misi
zedmetad xmareba gaumarTlebelia, l-s xmarebiT xom sxva wess
varRvevT). am SemTxvevaSi unda gamoviyenoT dadgenili wesi: I-is Semdeg
unda daiweros mxolod iribi brunvebis niSnebi, agreTve Tandebulebi da
nawilakebic. magaliTad: I, I-ma, I-s, I-is..., I-Si, I-Tan, I-c, I-zec da sxv.
gana dasaxelebuli ori saSualeba ar aris sakmarisi? raRa saWiroa
mesame? rac Seexeba sxva SemTxvevebs, maTTvis mwyobri wesebi gvaqvs, Cven
mxolod is gvevaleba, uryevad mivdioT maT da ganuxrelad davicvaT
isini. romauli cifrebiT gamoxatul rigobiT saxelebs aranairi prefiqssufiqsi ar sWirdeba _ arc me- prefiqsi da arc -e sufiqsi. aqac
mxolod brunvis niSani, Tandebuli da nawilaki SeiZleba mosdevdes
romaul cifrs, oRond erTi ram unda gvaxsovdes: CamoTvlili
formantebi wminda fuZes erTvis `pirvelis~ SemTxvevaSi da maTTan l ar
unda vixmaroT, xolo danarCeni rigobiTebisTvis, romelTa fuZec
xmovniT Tavdeba, micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvebi ar unda avrioT
erTmaneTSi: wesis Tanaxmad, micemiTs mxolod s sWirdeba da am moTxovnas iSviaTad arRveven, naTesaobiTSi ki aucilebelia brunvis niSani is
srulad SevinarCunoT da mxolod masze davurToT Tandebuli Tu
nawilaki.... micemiTi brunvis SemTxvevaSi sworia giorgi III-s, erekle IIsTan (da ara giorgi III-es, erekle II-Tan), xolo naTesaobiTSi _ giorgi
III-isTvis, erekle II-isgan (da ara giorgi III-Tvis, erekle II-gan, vaxtang
VI-sgan) da a. S.
Tu yuradReba ar mivaqcieT ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwerasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, aseTi siWrele kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba,
brunvebi erTmaneTSi aireva da SeiZleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi intuiciamac
ver gviSvelos da veRar gavarkvioT, ras gulisxmobda avtori,
SesaZlebeli variantebidan Cvens SemTxvevaSi romeli unda iyos swori,
da marCieloba mogvixdes, ramac SeiZleba swor gezs agvacdinos [am saxis
erT niSandobliv magaliTs moviyvan: `solomon I 1768 wlis 23 ivniss
ekaterine II sTxovda~ (v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, gv. 29). Tu saqmeSi
Caxeduli ar xar, amgvar winadadebaSi ver gaigeb, vin vis sTxovs: solomoni ekaterines Tu piriqiT _ ekaterine solomons]. Tu marTlweris
107
wesebi mwyobri da argumentirebuli, sarwmuno, yvelasaTvis misaRebi da
savaldebulo ar iqna, Tu maT ar daemorCileba yvela _ didi Tu patara,
ganswavluli Tu axalbeda, _ gvelis sruli qaosi _ aleqsandre
WavWavaZis sityvebs moviSvelieb: `ai Cvenisa momavlisac namdvili xati~.
rac dadgenil wesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, mas Cven daundobeli brZola
unda gamovucxadoT, swor kalapotSi CavayenoT. ilias xSirad vimowmebT
xolme, magram ratomRac gvaviwydeba misi naTqvami: `Cven-ki mSobel mamasac ar dauTmobdiT Cveni mSobliuri enis miwasTan gasworebas. ena
saRvTo ram aris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, magas kaci codvilis xeliT ar
unda Seexos~. es sityvebi defisis xmareba-arxmarebisa da rigobiTobis
maCvenebeli afiqsebis klebisa Tu zedmetobis Sesaxeb ar aris naTqvami,
magram pataridan iwyeba didis ngreva, saZirkvlis gamocla, amitom
wertil-mZimisa Tu defisis xmarebis sakiTxsac jerovani yuradReba unda
mieqces.
literatura
basilaia 1960 _ n. basilaia, qarTuli marTlweris sakiTxebi, nakveTi I,
soxumi 1960.
kvaWaZe 1977 _ l. kvaWaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tbilisi
1977.
kvaWaZe 1981 _ l. kvaWaZe, qarTuli ena. naw. I, Tbilisi 1981.
feiqriSvili 1992 _ J. feiqriSvili, qarTuli enis morfologia, 1992.
Vakhtang Imnaishvili
Some Questions Linked with the Orthography of the Ordinal Numerals
Summary
In the article attention is focused on topical issues linked with the
orthography of the ordinal numerals. The most widespread and striking cases of the
deviation from the established rules of orthography are presented. Incorrect
spelling of the ordinal numerals is sometimes fraught with the danger of
misinterpretation of the author’s thought.
The advisability of the simultaneous use of Arabic 1, a hyphen and suffixes
li/eli for spelling the word pirveli (the first) is called into question.
108
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
maia lomiaA
Amegruli metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
erTi tipis konstruqcia1
erTi tipis sintaqsuri konstruqcia megrulSi ori ramiT iqcevs
yuradRebas: erTi, gamocemul teqstebSi iSviaTad dasturdeba da meore,
Taviseburi struqturisaa.
konstruqciis struqtura, megruli masalis mixedviT, aseTia:
frazis TavSi dgas saxelobiTSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxeli an saxeluri
Sesityveba. mas mosdevs -ni (=rom) kavSiriani qvewyobili winadadeba.
saxelobiTSi mdgar saxels samecniero literaturaSi `inicialur
saxelobiTs~ uwodeben (kvantaliani 1990, 106). `inicialuri saxelobiTiT~ gadmocemuli saxeli an saxeluri Sesityveba aris frazis
(gamonaTqvamis) Tema. igi intonaciiTa da sasveni niSniT(kerZod, wertiliT) gamoeyofa momdevno winadadebas, romelSic mas xSirad nacvalsaxeluri korelati Seefardeba.
magaliTad,
osurkoCi. Tis vareno qeSulebudasin, miTins vemiaSqvans, Tigvarie
(=dedakaci. imas (+ar aris?) rom SeeZlos, aravis miuSvebs, imgvaria);
dida bediWviri. ma Tina vorde, Suro vemkvojineq (=deda
beddamwvari. me is [mis adgilas] rom viyo, saerTod ar mivxedav);
sinTe. Tina qimmenatrebuna, feri piji urCqu (=sinaTle. is
mogvenatreba, iseTi piri uCans);
daCxiri. Tis qidvorZandiTini, maJira sofels ginorCqudu
(=cecxli. imas rom davanTebdiT, meore sofelSi Canda).
`inicialuri saxelobiTis~ Semcveli konstruqciis ramdenime
magaliTi gamocemuli megruli poeziis nimuSebSi davadastureT.
cnobilia, rom gamoqveynebuli megruli prozauli teqstebi zRapris
Janrisaa. zRaparSi siuJetis ganviTareba-Txroba sxvagvar enobriv
maxasiaTeblebs, sxva tipis konstruqciebs iTxovs. am tipisa ki
Cveulebrivia dialogur metyvelebaSi, meore piris replikaSi. megruli
dialoguri metyveleba ar aris Cawerili da gamoqveynebuli, arc
dialoguri metyvelebaa saTanadod Seswavlili. swored amis Sedegia
1 wakiTxulia moxsenebad iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis I samecniero konferenciaze, romelic mieZRvna
akademikos akaki SaniZis dabadebidan 120 wlisTavs, 25-27 ivnisi, 2007 (masalebi, gv.70).
109
xsenebuli movlena: megruli metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konstruqcia ar dasturdeba gamocemul teqstebSi.
inicialuri saxelobiTiani konstruqciebi dasturdeba `vefxistyaosanSi~. es sakiTxi specialurad Seiswavla ivane gigineiSvilma
(gigineiSvili 1975, 324); magaliTebi `vefxistyaosnidan~2 :
dedofali. zRvasa Seiqms, mas rom cremli dauRvria.
fridon xelmwife, mefe mulRazanzarisa. igi nadirobs, Seukravs
napiri vel-Sambnarisa.
mkvlevari Tvlis, rom zemoT dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi saqme
gvaqvs Taviseburi saxis hipotaqsTan, Tumca iqve dasZens: amgvar
qvewyobil winadadebaSi `amxsneli winadadeba~3 arcaa winadadeba. igi
winadadebis ekvivalentad Tu SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli. raki es
konstruqcia leqsis enaSi gvxvdeba, unda gvefiqra, rom igi garkveuli
stiluri mizniTaa gamoyenebuli, magram es varaudi ar gamoricxavs imas,
rom es konstruqcia rTuli daqvemdebarebuli winadadebis ganviTarebis
garkveuli safexuris amsaxveli iyos da amgvari konstruqciebi
`vefxistyaosanSi~ xalxuri metyvelebidan momdinareobdes (igive, 324);
amis dasasabuTeblad mkvlevari imowmebs fSauri dialeqtis masalas;
magaliTad, saSubi. is ki zokan-zokan kinWuxiania, maRali.3
am tipis magaliTebis gamravleba SeiZleba sxva dialeqtebis
monacemebiTac.4 magaliTad, imeruli: mamaCemi. ro weveiT tyeSi, isic
gagvyva. leCxumuri: Cemi mama. damamiwyda, axla is sad ari.
am tipis konstruqciebi
(CarTolani, 2003, 8);
magaliTad5,
bunebrivia
svanuri
ÈæÉÈ ÌÄÆÂÄ Ö×ËÉÛÉëÒÉÓÂÀ, ÌóÎ ÌÄÆÂÄ ÄÓÙéÒÃÀ, ÄãÉ
metyvelebisTvisac
æðËÃÄÁÖË ËðÓ
ÏÈáæÉÄÍÓ ÄÛáÖ ÌðÍÝÉÍ É ÓÄÌÉ ËðÚæËÀÛ äÀÛÉ äÀÒðÚ É ÄÛáÖ ËðÚæËóÛ ÍÀÈáÖÌ
(= TiTo mosaxle. uflisobaSi ra mosaxlec midioda, is valdebuli iyo
waeRo erTi wvrilfexa da sami naxevarzomi naTavedi (Tavi arayi).
`inicialuri saxelobiTis~ Semcveli konstruqciebi sasaubro
qarTulis masalaze dayrdnobiT Seiswavla l. kvantalianma. manve moiZia
2 `vefxistyaosnis~ magaliTebi damowmebulia iv. gigineiSvilis naSromis mixedviT.
3 am SemTxvevaSi martivi winadadeba mosdevs.
4 imeruli da leCxumuri dialeqtebis nimuSebi damowmebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: v. Tofuria, iv. gigineiSvili, iv. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, t. I, Tb. 1961.
5 svanuris magaliTebi damowmebulia n. CarTolanis naSromis mixedviT.
110
am tipis magaliTebi qarTvel klasikosTa _ ilias, vaJas, niko lorTqifaniZis SemoqmedebaSi (kvantaliani 1990, 106-108).
qarTuli sasaubro metyvelebis nimuSebi:
mezobeli. mas Tavisi gasaWiri aqvs. ubeduri bedi. ase rom ifiqro,
Wkuidan SeiSlebi.
`yovelive es eWvmiutanels xdis mosazrebas aseTi konstruqciebis
xalxuri metyvelebidan momdinareobis Sesaxeb~ (igive, 108). am mosazrebas
amyarebs megrulisa da svanuris monacemebic. `inicialuri saxelobiTis~
Semcveli konstruqcia dasturdeba rusul zepirmetyvelebaSic (РРР 1973,
241-266).
literatura
gigineiSvili 1975 _ iv. gigineiSvili, rTuli winadadebis erTi Taviseburi saxeoba `vefxistyaosnis~ enaSi, gamokvlevebi `vefxistyaosnis~ enisa
da teqstis kritikis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi 1975.
kvantaliani 1990 _ l. kvantaliani, qarTuli zepiri metyvelebis sintaqsis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi 1990.
CarTolani 2003 _ n. CarTolani, winasityvaoba, svanuri teqstebi da
leqsika (balszemouri kilo), Tbilisi 2003.
РРР 1973 _ Русская разговорная речь, Москва 1973.
Maia Lomia
Construction typical for Megrelian Speech
Summary
Construction discussed in the artikle is tipical for Megrelian speech, but in
published Megrelian texts we doesn'meet any. Such construction is known as
"Initial nominative" (L. Kvantaliani) and is affirmed in works of art, among them is
"The Knight in the Panther's Skin" ("Vepkhistkaosani") (Iv. Gigineishvili), in
Georgian dialects and in Svanian.
111
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
maia saxokia
axalqarTuli aRweriTi perfeqtebis diaqroniul-tipologiuri
analizi: aRweriTi paradigma
qarTveluri da indoevropuli enebis (qv/ie)-is garkveuli,
posesiuri blokis morfosintaqsuri konebis erTdrouli diaqroniultipologiuri ganxilva nayofieria rogorc lingvisturi universaluri
fenomenebis dasadgenad, aseve relevanturia konkretuli enobrivi
jgufebis (qv) morfosintaqsisa da misi istoriuli dinamikis gamosavlenadac. adreve gamovyaviT axal qarTulSi (ax. q.) aRweriTi (analizuri) morfosintaqsemebis sagulisxmo blokebi, ris safuZvelzedac
gamovTqviT mosazreba, rom dRes moqmedi wamyvani mTliani fleqsiuri
(fl.) morfosintaqsuri sistemis fonze Tanamedrove qarTulSi Tavs
iCens SesaZloa periferiuli, magram savsebiT gramatikalizebuli da
paradigmuli xasiaTis mqone aRweriTi (aRw.) anu analizuri (an.)A
morfosintaqsuri konebi Tu seriebi-mwkrivebi. universaluri tipologiuri paralelebis garda, xsenebuli fenomeni dasturdeba sakuTriv
qarTuli enis (q) dialeqtologiuri masaliTac da q-is istoriiTac
(diaqroniuli monacemebiT). gansaxilvel aRw.-ax. q. morfosintaqsemebSi
pirvel rigSi vgulisxmoT axalqarTuli aRweriTi perfeqtebis or
ZiriTad variants (saxokia 1984; 1985, 51-52, 141-142, 177-180; saxokia
1987, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996). winamdebare statia warmoadgens
diaqroniul-retrospeqtuli
dasaxelebuli axalqarTuli perfeqtebis
da tipologiuri (qv/ie) analizis Sejamebis Sedegebs: retrospeqtuli
analizisaTvis amosavalia Tanamedrove sasaubro da saliteraturo enaSi
dafiqsirebuli a da b perfeqtebi, romelTa kvleva ganxorcielda ukusvliT siRrmeSi mimarTulebiT `axlidan > Zvelisken~; xolo prototipebis
mokvlevis Semdeg ganxorcielebulia am prototipebis diaqroniuli
Seswavla werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT mimarTulebiT `Zvelidan >
axlisken~.
sakvlev
perifrazebs
ewoda
axalqarTuli
aRweriTi
perfeqtebi, radgan maTi paradigmatizacia da gramatikalizacia ZiriTadad
da sabolood gamokveTilia axalqarTulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tanamedrove
qarTulis doneze. magram teqstologiuri monacemebis Tanmimdevruli, werilobiTi Zeglebis qronologiuri Sejerebis gziT mokvleulia da
gamovlenili a da b perfeqtebis diaqroniuli prototipebi Zvelsa da
saSual qarTulSi (amaTgan, pirvel rigSi, a-perfeqtis uZvelesi sawyisi
variantebi). monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT sakvlevi
morfosintaqsemebis diaqroniul dinamikas mimarTulebiT: Zv. q. saS. q. >
Tan. q.
112
ax. q. aRw. perfeqtebis analizTan dakavSirebulia agreTve III
seriis inversiuli formebisa da aoristis (tradiciuli ergatiuli
konstruqciis) rekodificirebis problemac: am formebis ganxilva
aRw./fl./an. TvalsazrisiT da maTi pre-fleqsiuri (igive preistoriuli)
protoformebis aRdgenis cda (saxokia 1985-2007).
a da b perfeqtebis pragmatuli perfeqtuli semantika ganisazRvreba `nivTieri Sedegebis~ arsebobiT awmyosTan mimarTebaSi.
laparakis amosavali droiTi momentiT da mas axasiaTebs droTa
Tanmimdevrobis (consecutio temporis) gamomxatveli paradigma. formalurad
es xorcieldeba kopulaTa (Vesse da Vhabendi) uRlebiT. yvela
tradiciuli seria-mwkvrivis mixedviT (saxokia 1985: tabula 8). a da b
perfeqtebis amosavali formebi, cxadia, Seesabameba kopulis awmyos
mwkrivis formebs. es modelebia:
a-aRw.: SAgensgen(Obl,erg)+Part.Pass.Past(P)+copula(Vesse)+Onom. gamoixateba laTinuri formuliT: eius factus est opera.
b-aRw.: modeli da laTinuri formula:
SDat. Agens (obl.erg)+Part Pass.Past(P)+Vhabend;+Onom. mihi factus (+factum)
HABEO (mihi est) (+habeo-factum).
a perfeqti iyenebs kopulad `yofna~ zmnas, xolo b perfeqti
`qona/yola~ zmnebs (romelTa struqtura q.-qv-Si utoldeba est mihi-s,
iribi posesiurobis struqturas) (saxokia 1985-2007).
aSkaraa a da b perfeqtTa struqturuli da semantikuri identuroba ie iribsubieqturi mimReoburi posesiuri perfeqtebis sxvadasxva
variantebTan: Zv. sp., Zv. somx., Zv. ind., laT., slav., balt., da sxv.
(saxokia 1984-2007;). amave dros ZiriTadi wamyvani identurobis garda,
aris specifikuri da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic. b perfeqtis kopula q-Si
iZleva sxvaobas referentis (Odnom.GS>LO) sulieroba/usulobis mixedviT, amdenad, semantikuri (I) argumenti eqvemdebareba gramatikul morfosintaqsur faqtors (II): Sdr. `mas nanaxi hyavs stumari/mas nanaxi aqvs
filmi~. specifikuri detali isicaa, rom kopulis arseboba perfeqtul
morfosintaqsSi
q-Tvis
aucilebelia,
maSin
rodesac
ie-Si
is
gamotovebuli SeiZleba iyos; ukopulo mimReoburi morfosintaqsemebi
q-Si adieqtur, saxelur sintagmebad iqceva (Sdr. `Cemi gakeTebulia
sadili)//Cemi gakeTebuli sadili kargia~). mTlianobaSi ki a da b perfeqtebis identuri modelebi ie-Si poligeneturi posesiuri perfeqtis (pp)
saxiTaa warmodgenili mTels diapazonze preindoevropuli(pie) rekonstruirebadi prototipebis CaTvliT (Smalstigi; Sdr. vaitenbergi,
Smidti). ufro dazustebiT, ie paralelebi pie prototipebis CaTvliT
TvalsaCinod Seexeba pirvel rigSi ax. q. perfeqtis genetiur variants
a-s, sadac kopula `yofna~ zmnaa. (q.-qv. `qona-yola~ zmnaTa analizis
Sedegebi imave mwyobrSi ayenebs arsebiTad qarTul b perfeqtsac).
113
magaliTebi, a: `misi gamomcxvaria torti, lalis gakeTebulia sadili,
manas moqsovilia qudi, dedaCemis Sekerilia es kaba~ da sxv.; b: `mas
wakiTxuli aqvs bevri wigni, mas nanaxi aqvs filmi, bavSvs nanaxi hyavs
bebia, mecniers dawerili aqvs gancxadeba~ da a. S. (saxokia 1985-2007).
Cvengan damoukideblad sxvadasxva avtorebsac nawilobriv miuqceviaT
yuradReba
sxvadasxva
TvalsazrisiT
gansaxilveli
ax.q.
morfosintaqsemebisaTvis (WaniSvili, revzina; m. maWavariani 1983-87;
boederi 1980; fridmani 1979; feiqriSvili 1974 da sxv.). Cveni analizi
sasaubro da beWduri enebis monacemebis Sejerebasac emyareba da wminda
pragmatul Sefasebasac. ase magaliTad, Sgen. da Sdat.-is qvemdebaruloba,
agenturoba mowmdeba sakmaod cnobili testiT: qvemdebaris TanwyobaSi
Semoklebis (elifsisis), gamotovebis SesaZleblobiT; faqtobrivad es
igivea, rac Tanwyobis an Serwymis SesaZlebloba; koreferentul aqtantebTan _ maT Soris koreferentul qvemdebaresTan, _ winadadebis
Tanwyoburi kavSirisa; amave dros Semasmenlebi SeiZleba arc iyvnen
koreferentulni. kombinaciebi: `Tamrikos nanaxi aqvs es filmi da ar
mova; misi gamomcxvaria es torti da ar SeWams; nanas ukve nayidi aqvs
puri da ar sWirdeba; Tu nanaxi hyavs is msaxiobi, rogor SeiZleba ar
moewonos (qvewyoba) – nanaxi hyavs is msaxiobi da rogor SeiZleba ar
moswondes (Tanwyoba); mas ara aqvs nanaxi es speqtakli da ueWvelad
moindomebs wamosvlas; Cemi damzadebulia sadili da davpatiJeb, visac
minda; mas ukve nanaxi hyavs is kaci da sulac ar moswons; Cemi damuSavebuli iyo is miwa, mival, vetyvi, davelaparakebi da daviTanxmeb~ da mr.
sxv. (sasaubro masala aq srulad moyvanili ara gvaqvs). rogorc vxedavT,
Sgen. Sdat. tolfasi qvemdebaruloba/agenturoba saxezea. aqve aRsaniSnavia
rolebis semantikis meryeobac (Sdr. fsug, lt; polinskaia, testeleci
da sxv.). Sdat./Sgen.-is pragmatuli semantikis niSnebi gulisxmobs rolebis
gaorebis, orazrovnebis SesaZleblobasac, rac vlindeba farTo pragmatul konteqstSi, zog SemTxvevaSi ki _ Tavad mcire morfosintaqsuri
konteqstis farglebSi. ase mag., gamovlenilia posesoris semantikuri
rolis metnaklebi xarisxi b perfeqtSi (Sdr. a perfeqtic). magaliTad,
mas garemontebuli aqvs saxli: SesaZlebelia, misi garemontebuli ar
iyos, magram is flobdes am saxls, iyos garemontebuli saxlis mflobeli (posesori). amgvar gaorebas mxolod pragmatuli sakomunikacio
konteqsti da morfosintaqsur erTeulTa pragmatuli, aqtualuri
semantika avlens. zogjer morfosintaqsemis farglebic avlens rolis
gayofas. magaliTad, posesoris garkveuli xarisxis Semcvelobis kargi
magaliTia a perfeqtis iseTi nimuSebi, rogorc `Seni naWamia es
namcxvari,~ aqcentiT `naWamias~ mflobelobaze. qarTulSi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani da mkveTria rolebrivi gayofa sasubieqto da saobieqto
orientirebis
mixedviT,
(Sorient./Oorient.)
rolebiT:
mniSvnelobis
114
Sagent(agenturi subieqti, _ Sorient.) Tu Oid (ir. obieqti, _ Oorient). aseTi
rolebrivi semantikuri gayofa-gaorebis mkveTri magaliTebia b perfeqtis
iseTi nimuSebi, rogoricaa: `mas naTqvami aqvs, mas nabrZanebi aqvs: man
Tqva da brZana, an mas uTxres da ubrZanes~ (Sorient., Sag., an Oorient., Oid).
orive sintaqsur-semantikuri roli aq mkveTrad gamovlenilia da
TiToeulis SesaZleblobas mxolod farTo pragmatuli konteqsti
gansazRvravs.
zogjer
rolebis
gansazRvra
xerxdeba
Tavad
morfosintaqsemis, erTi mxriv, referentTa semantikuri niSnebisa da
meore mxriv, predikatuli birTvis leqsikuri semantikiTa da am
faqtorTa urTierTmimarTebiT. amgvarad, am procesSi CarTulia `saxelTa
semantikuri ierarqiis~ niSanTa universaluri sqemac (iseTi niSnebisa,
rogoricaa:Lsulieroba-usuloba, nacvalsaxeli, mcenare, cxoveli, vin/ra
jgufebis opozicia, gasulereba, personificireba da a. S.). magaliTad:
`wigns misaweri aqvs saTauri, saxls misaSenebeli aqvs aivani
(//miSenebuli/miwerili). wigns darTuli aqvs komentarebi/gakeTebuli aqvs
lamazi yda~ da msT.; SAg.dat.-ia gamoxatuli nimuSSi `misaRebi aqvs
saqoneli, miRebuli aqvs saqoneli~. Tumca `gamyidvelis~ sintaqsuri
roli morfosintaqsurad aris Sag.dat., semantikurad (siRrmul doneze)
igulisxmeba `gamyidvelad~ Oid-c, garkveuli xarisxiT, Tu ki saqoneli
mas unda miutanos sxvam da a.S. magram rolebriv gayofasTan dakavSirebiT
aRsaniSnavia: rogoric ar unda iyos aseTi gaoreba-gayofis, meryeobis Tu
cvlilebebis SesaZleblobebi Sgen./Sdat.-is mimarT, verbalizaciis procesSi
aSkaravdeba Sgen./Sdat.-is agentivizaciis wamyvani tendencia. im SemTxvevebis
garda, rodesac konteqstiT aSkarad aris warmoCenili alternatiuli
roli (mag., `mas naTqvami, nabrZanebi aqvs~), Sgen.ag. da Sdat. Ag. sametyvelo
Tu beWduri enis nakadSi ZiriTadad iZleva agensis sintaqsursemantikuri rolis gagebas, gvaZlevs perfeqtTa agentur gagebas (Sdr.
moqmedi, aqtori; zogjer igive topiki, paivoti-c; Agent, Topic, Actor,
Pivot).
sagulisxmoa a/b perfeqtTa iseTi sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba,
rogoricaa standartuli winadadebis Sinaarsi (Txroba, kiTxva, dasturimtkiceba, uaryofa, brZaneba, modaloba, imperativi), dialoguri
metyvelebis specifika (SekiTxva-pasuxi), a/b komponentTa Semoklebis,
elifsisis SemTxvevebi da sxv. magaliTad, dialoguri metyvelebisas
SekiTxva-pasuxis dros b perfeqtSi xazgasmulad elifsirebulia
mimReoba da rCeba mxolod kopula: `gaqvs Sesrulebuli davaleba? – maqvs; ara gaqvs dawerili werili? – maqvs~. Tu SekiTxva SAg.gen./dat.-s Seexeba, rCeba mxolod agentis aRniSvna pasuxSi: `visi gadaRebulia es
filmi? – Zefirelis; visi motanilia torti? – Cemi~. a/b perfeqtTa
yvela sakiTxi aq ver iqneba ganxiluli. pirvel rigSi, gvainteresebs a da
b konaTa perfeqtulobis xarisxis gansazRvra, raSic sxva avtorTa mo115
nacemebic
gvexmareba
(fxakaZe,
arabuli,
feiqriSvili,
fridmani,
meliqiSvili, lomani, m. maWavariani, asaTiani, megreliSvili, ninua da
sarjvelaZe da mravali sxv.).
a/b perfeqtTagan Zvel perfeqtebTan III seriis TurmeobiTebis
mimarTebaTa kvlevisas irkveva, rom Zvelidan > ax. q-ken III seriis
perfeqtul formaTa semantikaSi klebulobs `WeSmariti~ perfeqtuloba
da matulobs modalobis xarisxi (Tumca morfosintaqsuri modelis
TvalsazrisiT III seria, cxadia, mainc perfeqtad unda miviCnioT, gamWvirvale aRweriTi, analizuri perfeqtuli warmoSobiTa da Semdgomi
gafleqsiurebiT). sagulisxmoa r. asaTianis daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom
Tanamedrove ax. q-Si perfeqtuloba aRar aris III seriis madiferencirebeli niSani (asaTiani 1987; 1994). aseT SemTxvevaSi am `Semoklebuli
niSnis~ Semavseblad SegviZlia sruli pasuxismgeblobiT miviCnioT axali
aRweriTi perfeqtebi (`WeSmariti perfeqtebis~ Sedegobriobis, rezultativis wamyvani semantikiT), romelnic III seriis mwkrivebTan
damatebiTi distribuciis poziciaSi aRmoCndebian. suraTi logikuria,
rogorc sinqroniulad, ise diaqroniulad _ universaluri ciklebis _
aRw./fl./aRw.-is cikluri monacvleobis TvalsazrisiT. a da b perfeqtTa
formaluri morfosintaqsuri modelebi, Cveni debulebiT, akmayofileben
ergatiulobis zedapiruli struqturis pirobebs, erTaderTi aucilebeli da sakmarisi niSniT: _ Sag., obl.-is iribi agenturi subieqtis
arseboba (ix. saxokia 1985; 1998). saxezea sxva niSnebic: Onom. da gardauvali zmnebis diqotomia Snom.-iT: Cemi gakeTebulia sadili/sadili gakeTebulia; mas nanaxi aqvs filmi/filmi nanaxia. amdenad, a/b perfeqtebi anu
pp-ebi gvevlinebian ergativizebul axalqarTul axal aRweriT `WeSmarit perfeqtebad~ rezultativis (SedegobiTobis) wamyvani funqciuri
semantikiT. am funqciiT a/b perfeqtTa xmareba-gamoyeneba Tanamedrove
sasaubro saliteraturo enaSi sayovelTaoa. gansxvavebas iZleva sxvadasxva regionebSi mxolod dialeqturi mimReoburi morfologiuri formebis arCevani. magaliTad, `nayurebi gaqvT es kino?~ (xaragauli,
zestafoni). sazogadod mimReobur birTvTa formebis ganawilebaaranJireba sistemebSi saintereso kerZo sakiTxia. magaliTad, saliteraturo enis norma moiTxovs mainca da mainc na-prefiqsiani birTvis
gamoyenebas konaSi `nanaxi maqvs, nanaxi myavs~, da mainca da mainc -ul
sufiqsian birTvs konaSi Cemi gakeTebulia da a. S. dialeqturi masala am
mxrivac aCvenebs sxvaobas. mag., `Tqven naxuli myavdiT~ (zestafoni). TviT
a/b modelebi ki saliteraturo enaSi iRebs saTaves.
rogorc ukve araerTgzis miTqvams, ax. q. a/b perfeqtebs, maT
formalur morfosintaqsur modelebs daeZebnaT ie-Si mravali tipologiuri paraleli sxvadasxva diaqroniul sibrtyeze, - pie modelebis
CaTvliT (aRdgena-rekonstruqcia): Zv.-saS.sp., Zv. ind., slav., rus., balt.,
116
laT., Zv. somx., da sxv. (saxokia 1985-2007 da tabulebi). pie iribi
ergatiuli
(ergativizirebuli)
zedapiruli
struqturis
mqone
konstruqcia *OVI Pekto Patres Sgen.(Ag.) (+Prep)[+P(noun verb)+Odnom.>
>acc](esse): `mamis xarSva/moxarSuli cxvari~. sxvadasxva ie-memkvidre enebSi dafiqsirebuli realurad arsebuli konstruqciebis proeqcias warmoadgens. savaraudoa, rom es modeli funqciobda SedarebiT mogviano pie.
etapze (SesaZloa, e. w. `gamyreliZe-ivanovis etapis~ Semdgom etapze)
imgvaradve da imave xarisxiT, rogoradac funqcioben ergativizebuli ppperfeqtebi ie-memkvidre enebSi (Zv. iran., Zv. ind., laT., balt.-slav.,).
aseTi aRweriTi konebis prototipebi ki ufro adreuli, gamyreliZeivanovis etapzec arian warmoCenili. xeTuri masala ar iZleva
perfeqtuli konebis zusti Sesatyvisebis nimuSebs, magram mimReobebis da
saxelebis predikatuli funqciobis srul suraTs aCvenebs (gamyreliZe,
ivanovi 1984, 278-287; Smalstigi 1982, 132; 1980, 1984, 1986-1991; Sdr.
martine, vaitenbergi, Smidti Stempeli, jemisoni 1979, luraghi 1986-87,
lomani, modini; gamyreliZe, ivanovi 1984, 309-319); pie etapebTan dakavSirebiT ix. stepanovi, martine, vaitenbergi, Stempeli, desnickaia,
Smalstigi, modini, gamyreliZe, ivanovi). ie paralelebTan (kerZod
rusulTan) dakavSirebulia agreTve finuri enis (ungro-finuri) monacemebic (orri, veenekeri). yvela am ie da pie ZiriTadi saerTo modelia:
Sgen.Ag.(+prep)+Part.Past.Pass ("noun verb")+Odnom.(>acc)(+Vesse) (an *Vesse
omitted)Sobl./Od./Oid. (pie modelis aRdgena ekuTvnis Smalstigs). farTo
tipologiuri fonis gaTvaliswineba gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom ie/q-is tipis
aRweriTi morfosintaqsuri perfeqtuli konebi Tavisi zedapiruli
struqturiT bunebrivia, sazogadod, bunebrivi enebis gramatikuli sistemisaTvis, warmoadgenen mniSvnelovanwilad universaliebs da amitomac
msWvalaven mTlianad diaqroniul da retrospeqtul sivrces. rogorc
amas tipologiuri kvlevis ganvlili gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, iribmimReoburi perfeqtuli morfosintaqsuri konebi mWidro formalur,
semantikur da logikur urTierTkavSirSia saxeluri posesiurobis anu
qonebis gamomxatvel forma-konebTan. es aris ucilobeli enobrivi
fenomeni, maT Soris ie da qv-Tvis (saxokia 1985-2007). amitomac
savaraudo pie aRw.-erg. perfeqtis Sgen. erg. +Vstem (Part)+Onom. -is prototipuri morfosintaqsuri safuZveli Tu sawindari agreTve unda iyos adreuli *-pie posesiuri da kuTvnilebiTi konstruqciebis modelebi da
imave adreul pie-Si (`gamyreliZe-ivanovis etapi~) arsebuli qonebis
gamomxatveli erTaderTi konstruqcia, iribi qonebis forma (iribi
posesori – `yofna~ zmna); (gamyreliZe, ivanovi 1984:276-290). ax. q. b
perfeqtis ufro dazustebul ie paralels Seadgenen datiuri da enklitikuri rigis agenturi konstruqciebi: tipi Zv. sp. maiy kartam astiy;
m kart (hast) est mihi (Sencl) modeliT Sdat. encl. Ag+Part.Pass.Past
117
(Vstem)+Onom.+Vesse.
ie-Si
genetiur-damoukidebeli
da
datiurenklitikuri posesiuri modelebisa da sazogadod nacvalsaxeluri
elementebis ori pronominaluri rigis gamoyofa simptomaturad dasturdeba adreuli pie-is rekonstruqciebis monacemebiT (gamyreliZe, ivanovi
1984, 254-255, 290-291; Sdr. oranskaia; saxokia 1985). orsave ie rigs
aqvs analogebi q/qv-Si.
a/b modelebi perfeqtebis saxiT Cndeba mogviano xanis ax. q-is
doneze da Tanmimdevrulad sayovelTaod vrceldeba Tanamedrove qarTul
literaturul salaparako da beWdur enaSi. maTi gramatikalizebul
morfosintaqsur erTeulebad gamoyofa dasturdeba konteqsturi da
funqciuri semantikis definiciis meTodiT, romlis mixedviT frazemaforma sityva-formis semantikuri ekvivalenti da erTiani gramatikuli
erTeulia (xolodoviCi, xrakovski, xrakovski-volodini, rkt, pkt, pakt,
sstm da mr. sxv. gramatikuli analizis es mimarTuleba kargad aris
damuSavebuli da warmoCenili yofili loia-s (ЛОИЯ АН) tipologiuri
jgufis naSromebSi da maTi iniciativiT gamarTul simpoziumebze (loia
amJamad: sanqt-peterburgSi ruseTis akademiis lingvistur kvlevaTa
instituti).
a perfeqti Cemeuli `gramatikuli posesiurobis~ sqemis II fazis
models da IV fazis semantikas Seesabameba (saxokia 1985, 143-144).
magram orive kona perfeqtivizebul gramatikalizebul morfosintaqsur
erTeuls warmoadgens. a/b perfeqtebi SedarebiTi upiratesobiT sayovelTaod enacvlebian rogorc fl.-aorists (ergk), ise III seriis inversiul
(ergativisebur) perfeqtebs yoveldRiur salaparako enaSi, yofiT metyvelebaSi, samecniero enaSi, sakancelario, biurokratiul-sakancelario, saqmian, oficialur, presis, publicistur enaSi, neitralur prozaSi da
sxv. rogorc qvemoT vaCvenebT, ax. q. poligenetiuri a/b perfeqtebi q-is
istoriaSi garkveuli prototipuri modelebis organuli da amave dros
cikluri ganviTarebis Sedegia: tipologia gviCvenebs konstruqciaTa
poligenezs, ciklurobasa da regenerirebis faqtebs (Sdr. saxokia 1984;
uJ.).
a. SaniZis `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ a/b-s Sesabamisi
zogierTi varianti ganixileba Sedgenili Semasmenlis rigSi, formaTa
`agebulebis~ mixedviT aRweris ganakveTSi; gamoiyofa `absoluturi~ da
`relatiuri~ Sedgenili Semasmeneli `yofna~ da `qona-yola~ zmnebis
SesaZlebeli urTierTtransformirebis niSniT: `Tanxa gaRebuli iyo –
Tanxa gaRebuli mqonda; gakeTebulia saqme, Tanxa daxarjulia, Zma gagzavnili myavs, myavda...~ (aris Cemeuli `perfeqtuli futurumebic~:
`meqneba~, `meyoleba~ da a. S. m. s.) (SaniZe 1973, 295, $365). rekomendirebulia aseT formaTa gamijvna `aRweriTi pasivisgan~, romelic
`iqmna/iqna~ kopuliT iwarmoeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli formebi ar
118
fiqsirdeba i. bagrationis gramatikaSi, Cans isinic SedarebiT axalia:
`gagzavnil iqna~ da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, `relatiuri~ Seesabameba
Cemeul b-perfeqts, xolo `absoluturi~ – a-perfeqtis uagento
variants. a. SaniZis `absoluturi Sedgenili Semasmeneli~, Tu mas davumatebT Sgen.ag.-s, iZleva ergativizebul perfeqtul morfosintaqsemebs (aperfeqtebs). Sdr. analogiuri procedura ie-Si (Smalstigi, bogoliubovi). magaliTad, `filmi gadaRebulia/filmi reJisoris gadaRebulia;
werili gagzavnilia/werili Cemi gagzavnilia~. am proceduraSi kargi
maCvenebelia dialoguri metyvelebis pragmatuli konteqsti, mag., kiTxvapasuxi: `visi gamogzavnili xar? _ maswavleblis; risi gadaTxrilia es
miwa? – xarebis~ da a. S.
Cemi dakvirvebiT, aseT konteqstebSi enis matarebeli informantebi
swored aRw. perfeqtebis xmarebas arCeven da ara fl. aoristebs (Sdr.
ram gaTxara – xarebma). salaparako enaSi mkveTri upiratesoba eniWeba
aRw. perfeqtebs. am viTarebis Sesamowmeblad gamoyenebuli maqvs
makontrolebeli testebi sxvadasxva asakis informantebTan (amasTan
erTad gansakuTrebiT simptomaturad miviCnev bavSvebisa da mozardebis
monacemebs). magaliTad, SemkiTxveli xazgasmiT xmarobs dialogSi fl.
formebs (aoristsa da TurmeobiTs), magram pasuxad daJinebiT iRebs aRw.
perfeqts (informanti `asworebs~ SemkiTxvelis formas): `me arasodes ar
gamomicxvia puri//ar gaqvs gakeTebuli (gamomcxvari puri?); me es filmi
ar minaxavs//ar gaqvT nayurebi es kino? ~da mr. sxv. (Cawerilia
xaragaulSi da zestafonSi).
dialeqtur-kuTxuri metyveleba regionebSi mxolod leqsikaSi an
mimReobis formis SerCevaSi vlindeba, xolo morfosintaqsuri plani
saliteraturo normebs Seesabameba. pirvel rigSi, sasaubro enaSi, TaxqSi gavrcelebul aRw. perfeqtebs, ueWvelia, mxars uWers istoriulad
dialeqtologiuri masalac (tipi `nayvareba~). magram sakuTriv a da b
perfeqtebi, romlebic dafiqsirebulia werilobiT ZeglebSi, literaturuli beWduri enis wyaroebSi, Taxq-Si pirvel rigSi gavrcelda
salaparako saliteraturo enaSi, saidanac povebs gavrcelebas kuTxur
metyvelebaSic saliteraturo morfosintaqsuri erTeulis saxiT.
SeiZleba vrclad vilaparakoT a/b perfeqtTa aranJirebis Sesaxeb
sxvadasxva pragmatuli sferoebis, stilebisa da Janrebis mixedviT,
SeiZleba vilaparakoT calkeul avtorTa, mweralTa stilze gansaxilvel
morfosintaqsemaTa SerCevis TvalsazrisiT, magram aq ar aris amis
adgili. rogorc iTqva, a/b perfeqtTa upiratesi sferoa pirvel rigSi
aramxatvruli, neitraluri, yofiTi, samecniero, saswavlo, saqmiani,
oficialuri, masobrivi informaciis sametyvelo nakadis pragmatuli
garemo. mxatvrul literaturaSi yvelaze mosalodnelia dialogur metyvelebaSi, dramaturgiaSi; poeziaSi ufro mosalodnelia TeTr leqsSi
119
da sxv. am sferoze msjeloba mxolod avtorTa individualuri stilisa
da TxzulebaTa Janris gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli. zogadad mokled
vityvi, rom, cxadia, aRw. perfeqtebi Tanamedrove mxatvrul mwerlobaSi
normatiulad gamoiyeneba, stilurad ki III seriis mwkvrivebs ufro `maRali stilis~ mxatvruli datvirTva axasiaTebs, a/b perfeqtebs – ufro
yofiTi enis stili.
calke
msjelobis
sagania
agreTve
rigi
morfosintaqsuri
sakiTxebic. mag., mimReobis formaTa gadanawileba a/b-Si. sityvaTa rigis
sakiTxi da sxv. Tu gamoviyenebT im cnebebs, romelic kargad muSaobs
sparsuli enis morfosintaqsSi, vityvi, rom a/b qarTul perfeqtTa
`posesiuri CarCo~ agreTve SeiZleba `gaiwelos~ da masSi sxvadasxvagvarad CaerTos sxvadasxva aqtanturi da sirkonstanturi wevrebi. mag.,
`mas saxli SarSanve hqonda aSenebuli; elisos sadili or saaTze ukve
damzadebuli eqneba~ da a.S. yuradRebis Rirsia agreTve kopulaTa Canacvlebis SesaZlebloba e. w. `Tavaziani~ an `xatovani~ zmnuri leqsemebiT
(gansakuTrebuli posesiuri zmnebiT): `sadili damzadebuli gaxlavT,
dawerili gaqvT moxseneba? – gaxlavT~ da sxv. ax. q. am SemTxvevaSi Zv.
q-is asaxvas gviCvenebs, radgan ax. q-Sic SesaZlebelia nawilobriv saliteraturo, nawilobriv ubralo metyvelebaSi posesiurobis universalur
zmnaTa Senacvleba `gansakuTrebuli~, `xatovani~ zmnebiT: rogoricaa: maxlavs, gamaCnia, mabadia, asxia, abia, midgas (midgia), damidis, mizis da
sxv. (Sdr. SaniZe 1973, 818; 1976). magram `yofna~ da `qona-yola~ zmnaTa
unificireba da universalizeba xels uwyobs a/b perfeqtTa gramatikalizacias. amave dros, dasaxelebul zmnaTa urTerTtransformireba da
maTi aranJireba SaniZiseuli absoluturi/relatiuri formebis mixedviT
(aris/maqvs-myavs) tipologiurad Seesatyviseba perfeqtTa arsebobis
posesiurobis zmnaTa `indoevropul Teoriasac~, _ yofna-qonebis
garkveuli diqotomiiT (saxokia 1985). yovelive es Seesabameba posesiurobis da perfeqtulobis zogadlingvistur universalur tipologias.
a/b formaTa da kopulaTa gadanawilebis dinamikis Seswavla diaqroniuli
Wrilis diapazoniT (Zv. q. > saS. q. > ax. q.) saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom ax. q. a perfeqti nawarmoebia Zv. q. > saS. q. konstruqciidan
agentiT: `naT. br.+Tand. `gan~: agenti naT.-gan+vnebiTi gv. mimR. namyo+
-`yofna” zmna + obieqti sax. br.: Agensgen. + prep "gan" + Past. Pass.+Part
(P)+Vesse [copula] +Onom. es unda iyos a-genetiuri perfeqtis prototipi.
sufTa genetiuri uTandebulo perfeqtuli konstruqcia iSviaTad Cndeba
XIX s-is II naxevramde. a. harisis erT-erT werilSi moipoveba unikaluri
`Tqvenca Cinebul
nimuSi Zv. q. konstruqciis uTandebulo genetiviT:
xarT qriste iesuisa~ (rom. 1, 6: harisi 1979, 380). tipi b kargad aris
warmodgenili ukve barbare jorjaZis piesebSi. faqtobrivad a/b-s
Camoyalibeba ax. q. saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis periods ukavSir120
deba. Tumca ilia WavWavaZe iSviaTad mimarTavs aRweriT perfeqtebs, magram sakmaod xSiria isini akakis publicistur da mxatvrul (maT Soris
poetur) TxzulebebSi. XVIII s-Si Camoyalibebuli saxiT gvxvdeba
nimuSebi sabas arakebSi, xolo prototipuri variantebi, _ sxva avtorebTanac. Ziebisas upiratesoba eniWeba naratiuli Janris prozas, XIX s-is
meore naxevridan aRw. perfeqti aqtiurdeba publicistur da epistolarul JanrSi (akaki, vaJa, T. saxokia da sxv.). informatiuli aRmoCnda
i. bagrationis gramatika, b. jorjaZis dramatiuli nawarmoebebis teqsti.
gadamwyveti aRmoCnda pl. ioselianis Txzuleba `cxovreba da sikvdili
mefis giorgi XII-isa~, sadac sinTezurad aris warmodgenili ufro Zveli, prototipuri da axlad warmoebuli morfosintaqsuri erTeulebi;
mag., teqstSi gvxvdeba rogorc Tandebuliani Sgen.+gan, ise uTandebulo
genetiuri agenti Sgen.Ag. rac Seexeba models Sdat.Ag+P+Vhab+Onom., misi
Camoyalibebis zRurblad gamoikveTa XVIII s-is mijna (saba, Teimuraz
bagrationi, i. bagrationi; ix. kiknaZe 1993). adreuli da mogviano sasuliero mwerloba ar gvaZlevs aRw. perfeqtul konstruqciaTa xSiri xmarebis suraTs, magram uxvad aris am mwerlobaSi mimReoburi adieqturi
(ukopulo) morfosintaqsemebi (saxeluri variantebi). mag., prototipi:
`kacTagan SeuZlebel ars ege, RmerTisgan yovelive SesaZlebel
ars ~ (maTe 19. 26). ar vexebiT `mier~ Tandebuliani agentiTa da `qmna~
kopuliT nawarmoeb aRweriTi pasivis konstruqciebs; aseve adieqtur maT
variantebs, rogorc `-is mier wodebuli~).
a perfeqtis pirveli, yvelaze gamokveTili nimuSi Cvens masalaSi
aris `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstidan, maSasadame, saS. q-dan. poemis saleqso
striqonis sigrZe xels uwyobs sintaqsuri konstruqciis dadgenas am SemTxvevaSi. es aris nimuSi: `ese ustari ars Cemgan monaRvawebi~ (1293).
sayuradReboa agreTve `Cemgan ucodnelia~ (75). aseTi nimuSebi safuZvlians xdis Tandebuliani agenturi formis rogorc laT. Ablativus auctoris
(wind. a/ab)-is msgavsi calke brunvis warmoCenas (Sdr. majo 95-97, 515556). Zv. da saS. q-is sxva nimuSebi, maT Soris uTandebulo: `romelni
umetes gandidebul iyvnen Tamarisagan ~(q. cx. 177); `romeli gandidebul
iyo friad mefeTagan~ (q. cx. 171). Sdr. `mier~ Tand.-kopula `yofna~ (da
ara `iqmna~): `romel brZanebul ars Cven mahmadianTa mier~ (q. cx. 186);
mimReobur konstruqciebSi Zv. q-Si agreTve gamoiyeneba agentad moq. br.
(-iT) _ instrumentalisi. magram a-s prototipad unda miviCnioT `gan~
Tandebuliani konebi. `visgan Seyvarebul xar? – ZmaTagan, romelTagan
qebul xar? – megobarTagan, visgan ars ganbrZnobili, -sulisa wmidisagan,
visgan ars gansanaTlebel? – madlisagan ~(i. bagrationi. Kkalmasoba,
gram. 117; i. bagrationTan fleqsiuri pasivic `gan~ Tandebuliani
agentiTaa gamarTuli, da ara `mier~-iT: `visgan ididebis~ da sxv.). `ese
TviT mamisa Cemisagan iyo Targmnili da misganve dawerili qarTulad~
121
(pl. ios. 126; Sdr. adieqturi `anderZi, mamisagan dawerili~ 223,
`RvTisagan Cabervili suli kacisa~ 68, `maTgan ar daviwyebulTa~ 82).
`erTi ese ars mowerili mefis Zes daviTTan varlaamisa~, _ kopula
sruli formiT, ax. q. `aris~, agenti uTandebulo, namdvili a perfeqti
(pl. ios. 135). `esec Seni garigebuli iqneba~ – a perfeqti (pl. ios.
187). `sofio Cemi gazrdilia~ (b. jorj. 125) _ uTandebulo, a perfeqti;
`Cveni ojaxi stumrebisagan aris SeWmuli~ _ `gan~ agenturi kona,
kopula ki sruli, axali (b. jorj.). Sdr. adieqturi `Cemi gakeTebuli
saqme~ 133; `Tqveni naboZebi, RambaSiZis gamogzavnili~ (akaki 15, 155);
`platonisgan swavla-Tqmulsa~ (rusT.) da a.S. yvela gansaxilveli
konstruqcia aRw./fl./aRw. ciklTa spiralSi zis. amave dros didi ciklebis garda, rac mTlian konas Seexeba, gamosayofia `mcire ciklebic~,
rac oden komponentebs exeba. mag., a perfeqtis agentis forma: naT.br. –
`gan~ Tand. > uTandebulo gen. > kvlav Tandebuliani naT. (Taxq: `misgan
moZRvnili, misgan moZRvnilia, misgan gamogzavnilia~) (Sdr. agreTve
`misiT~, `mis mier~, `mSoblebidan~ da a. S.). a perfeqtis kopulis cikli:
sruli forma _ `ars~ > mokle `a~ > sruli `aris~.
mag., Taxq: `es aris Cemi gakeTebuli saqme; es aris Cemi nafiqri da
Cemi gakeTebuli saqme~ (`kaxeTi~); `es aris ruseTis specsamsaxurebis
gakeTebuli~ (TV). amgvarad, ciklur ganmeorebadobas eqvemdebareba
rogorc mTlianad morfosintaqsema, aseve misi calkeuli komponentebi.
aRniSnuli diaqroniuli faqtebi universalur lingvistur fenomens
Seesatyviseba. a perfeqtis prototipebTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia
sxvadasxva morfo-sintaqsuri elementebic: masdaruli morfosintaqsemebi,
moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobis Semcveli morfosintaqsemebi, sazogadod
mimReobisa da sxva saxelur elementTa predikatuli funqciis dinamika,
rac kargad Cans Seswavlil werilobiT ZeglebSi qronologiurad. amave
dros `mcire ciklebi~ dakavSirebulia deklinaciuri sistemis ganaxlebis
mudmivmoqmed universalur procesTan (Sdr. kempfi, a. SaniZis `lokatiuri brunvebi~, oniani 1987, futkaraZe 1987 da sxv.). es procesi TvalsaCinoa Seswavlili wyaroebis fiqsirebuli monacemebis mixedviT. mag.,
gardamavali xasiaTis kombinaciebi fiqsirdeba pl. ioselianis TxzulebebSi (Sesabamisi didZali masala aq ver iqneba moyvanili). a perfeqtis
prototipebi da nimuSebi `vefxvistyaosanidan~ (saS. q.): `visgan mze
Senaflobia~ (38), `visgan mze sawunelia~ (36) _ my. mimReobis varianti;
`Tuca qalia, xelmwifed marT RmrTisa danabadia~ (39) _ uTandebulo
modeli, a perfeqti; a/b perfeqtTa Taviseburi kontaminacia: `Cemi codna
srul leonis naswavlebi maqvs~ (saba 55) _ uTandebulo genetivi;
`ganZebul iyo imerTagan~(T. bagr. 53); `Sengan Telili~ (baraTaSvili,
`merani~) _ adieqtivi; `es guli, sarked qceuli, bunebis naTavxedia~
(akaki, `poeti~); `yvela misi gazrdilia~ (akaki 5, 246) _
122
a perfeqtebi, uTandebulo Sgen-iT; Zv. q.: `romel
wodebul iyo angelozisa misgan~ (l. 2,21) _ (-`gan~ Tandebuliani);
adieqtiuri: `Tqmuli mamisa netarisa Cuenisa grigol RvTismetyuelisai,
Tqmuli misive; Tqmuli basilisa~ da sxv. (sax. mrav. 87); `ganZebul iyo
ra mefe imerTa solomon imerTagan~ (T. bagr.) 53); `nawvelic imis
kiTxuli iyo, imis nakeTebic iyo da imis kiTxulic iyo~ (fSav-TuSeTi,
Camoyalibebuli
r. xar. Aarq. 13. 38b.-7,8).
XIX saukunis
II naxevridan dRemde uTandebulo a perfeqti
batondeba, romlis calkeul nimuSebs Zv. q-idan da saS. q-idanve vxvdebiT
(ix. XIX- XX saukuneebis mwerloba da Semdgom dRemde).
b-perfeqtis diaqroniul-qronologiuri nimuSebia: `dasawoli yvanda
ukve coli Tamazs~ (kalmas. 247), `kacs mis meti ara aqvs ra sikvdils
ukan Tan sabargi~ (d. guramiSvili) (Sdr. `axla vTqva Cemi saTqmeli~),
samTav usamarTloebiT naSovni hqoniaT (`sibrZne sicruisa~), `Sen masTan
ra sabrZolavi gaqvs da an mas SenTan ra saSuRlari~ (`sibrZne
sicruisa~), `mefesa giorgis sxvaca aqvnda werili pavle imperatorTan
misaweri” (pl. ios. 148) (Sdr.: `aqvnda naCuqrad inglisisa vaWrisagan,
tfiliss mosulisa~ _ 191, saobieqto orientacia), `mec gagebuli maqus,
rogorc aris saqme~ (b. jorj. 125), `dro maqvs daniSnuli
sxvisTvis”(b.jorj. 207), `fexis lanCebi aqvs gadacveTili, ee jag-jugi
da xev-xuvi sul Semovlili aqvs~ (b. jorj. 217), `Seni CxubiT guli
maqvs gaxeTqili”(b. jorj.204), `rac gasakeTebeli aqvs, daumzade~ (b. j.
225), `Cveni qali gaTxovilica gvyavs~ (b. jorj. 55), `es yoliferi
gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda mTavrobas~ (akaki, 14, 506), `zRva da xmeli
movlili aqvs~ (akaki, 5, 246), `Sori gza aqvs gamovlili~ (akaki, 5,
237), `me sxva mada maqvs aSlili~ (akaki, 5, 237), `kiri gvaqvs dasawvavi~
(akaki, 7, 132), `gagonili hqonda baqraZis qeba~ (akaki, 7, 145), `kaxelebs
ukvirdaT misi axirebuloba da aTvaliswinebuli hyavdaT~ (akaki, 7, 153),
`col-qmars eklesiaSi unda hqondes jvari dawerili~ (ilia, 11), (Sdr.
`saubari mqonda~), `vaJa hyavda CaTreuli seminariis zRudeTa Soris
SemoWril axali azrebis moZraobas~ (T. sax. 141)1 (Sdr. `xatebi
gakeTebuli iyo adamianis xeliT~ _ 141), `samive TiTi gaerTianebuli
hqondaT kaniTa~ _ roliseuli gaorebiT (OorientOid) (i. gogebaSvili, 51),
`yvelas abuCad hyavda agdebuli~ (i. gogebaSvili, 51), da a. S. Semdgomi
drois mwerlobaSi gansaxilveli perfeqti mxolod matulobs da ara
klebulobs, misi dinamika xSirad xmarebuli erTeulebis Cveul normas
aRwevs da normatiulad fleqsiur formebs utoldeba (ix. agr. al.
yazbegi,
d. kldiaSvili da Semdgomi drois axali da uaxlesi Tanamedrove mwerloba).
1
gawelili posesiuri CarCos SemTxvevaSi an-perfeqts SeiZleba `konteqsturic~
vuwodoT.
123
ax. q-is b-perfeqti, rogorc iTqva, ganarCevs referentis
sulieroba/usulobas, anu urTierTmoqmedebs morfosintaqsis semantikuri
(1) da gramatikuli (2) sawyisi. futurumebis rigebis SemTxvevaSi ki
gvaqvs ormagi semantikuri plani, romelTagan erTi mniSvnelovanwilad
pragmatulia, aqtualuria, sakomunikacio. amdenad, sammagi planis
gramatikuli
ierarqiis
yvelaze
maRal
iaruss
kvlav
wminda
argumentaciis plani warmoadgens, romelsac orive semantikuri plani
eqvemdebareba. b-perfeqtuli futurumebis formaluri zedapiruli
ergativizebuli morfosintaqsuri struqturuli modelebi ase gamoiyureba: Sdat+PartPassFut+ Vhabendi+Onom.
PartFut-birTvian
rigebs
a-perfeqtebic
awarmoeben
modeliT:
SAgensGen+PartPassFut+Vesse+Onom. (imperativis pragmatuli kategoriis
Sesaxeb ie/q-Si ix. saxokia 1988, 1991, 1994; Sdr. volodini-xrakovski
da sxv.). magaliTebi:
a: `Seni Sesasrulebelia es davaleba, misi gasazrdelia es bavSvi,
Cemi gadasaRebia filmi~ da misT.; b: `sayideli maqvs puri, xval
gakveTili meqneba dasaweri, bebia myavda sanaxavi~ da a.S. posesiurobasa
da perfeqtulobas Soris Rrma semantikuri da formalur-struqturuli
kavSiri vlindeba gansakuTrebiT kargad iseTi saxeluri (Tu nasaxelari)
P-birTvebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa: `naqurdali, naxelavi, naTavxedi,
naSobi, Sobili, saTqmeli, sasacilo, naTargmni, sabargi, saCuqari,
naCuqari, saCxubari, naubari, naxati, naweri~ da mr. misT. am kavSiris
fenomenologiuri meqanizmi mowmdeba Cems mier ukve aprobirebuli
Canacvlebis proceduriT (meqanizmiT): Sdr.: `Cemi Targmania/Targmnilia/
naTargmnia, misi naxatia/misi daxatulia, misi naxelavia/misi gakeTebulia,
Cemi saCuqaria/Cemi naCuqaria, Cemi naweria/Cemi dawerilia~ da a. S.
moqmedebs Canacvlebis modeli: N>V (Oposs>P), saxeli>zmna.
ax. q. yvela dasaxelebuli an-tipi a-b eqvemdebareba paradigmul
uRvlilebas tradiciuli seria-mwkrivebis mixedviT (Sdr. SaniZe, 1973).
amitom mizanSewonilad mimaCnia a-b tipis perfeqtuli rigebi, romlebic
avseben ax. q.-Si arsebuli moqmedi uRlebis sistemis srul paradigmas,
gaviziaroT rogorc axali, damatebiTi, IV seria (romelic avsebs yvela
tradiciul mwkrivs da wres). IV seria gamarTulia kopulebis Vesse//V
habere `yofna~//`qona-yola~ zmnebis uRvlilebis mixedviT (ix. tabula 8
saxokia 1985-Si). vinaidan ak. SaniZis seriul mwkrivTa aranJirebas
safuZvlad udevs zmnuri fuZe, IV seriis logikur Casmas am
morfologiur principze agebul sistemaSi ganapirobebs mimReoburi
predikatuli birTvi (Ppart) rogorc aseTi. es aris aRweriTobis,
analizurobis seriozuli elementi qarTulis morfosintaqsur sistemaSi
enis mTeli istoriis diapazoni, rasac TavisTavad farTo tipologiuri
foni gaaCnia.
124
ax. q-is IV seriaSi igulisxmeba agreTve gardauvali morfosintaqsemebic, rogoricaa `wasasvleli var~2 da konvertirebadi gardauvali
aRweriTi vnebiTi gvaris morfosintaqsemebi (pasivebi): `gagzavnili var,
gagzavnili viyavi, gasagzavni iyo, gasagzavni iqneba~ da a. S. modelebi:
SNom+P(PartPassTransPast/Fut)+Vesse. amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT
unda SevCerdeT axali qarTulis morfosintaqsemebze modeliT
SNom+
Pact(PartPastPass)+Vesse, romelic semantikiT aqtiuria da siRrmiseul
struqturaSi samoqmedo obieqts varaudobs, rac zedapirze ar Cans ara
Tu morfologiis, aramed sintaqsis donezec: es aris morfosintaqsurad
erTpiriani, nominatiuri wyobis (Snom) morfosintaqsemebi kopuliT
`yofna~: `naWami var, nasvami var (Sdr. Jargoni: nasmi-a, naWmi-a), nakiTxia,
namuSevaria~ (Sdr. ilia, oT. qvr., 271), da misT.3 Past+Vesse amave dros
ax. q-Si msgavsive modeliT iwarmoeba siRrmiseuladac gardauvali erTpiriani an-morfosintaqsemebi: `narbeni var, namtiralevi xar, nasiarulebi
var, navarjiSevia~ da mr. sxv. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi es modeli
ganarCevs medioaqtiuri zmnebis gramatikul leqsikur-semantikur jgufs,
ufro zustad, SeiZleba, _ moZraobis zmnaTa viwro wres da zogierT
zmnas grZnobaTa zmnebis wridanac.
ar SeiZleba aq ar vaxsenoT agreTve moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobiT
nawarmoeb farTod gamoyenebad da sasaubro enaSi produqtiulad gavrcelebul morfosintaqsemebs modeliT: Snom+P:PartAct/Med(-/intrans)+Ogen+
Vesse. kopulis (`yofna~ uRlebis mixedviT es morfosintaqsemebic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT IV seriis kompleqss, radgan isinic savsebiT
gramatikalizebulni arian: `amis gamkeTebeli ar aris, lursmnis mimWedebelia axla es? (Sdr. `Sens gamomSvebs ra vuTxari!~)~ da misT. am
seriaSic igulisxmeba intranzitivebi: `iq wamsvleli ara var, iq
mimsvleli ara var~.4 sainteresoa, rom PPartAct-iani morfosintaqsemebi
xasiaTdebian winadadebis Sinaarsis arCeviTobiT: ufro popularulia
metyvelebaSi maTi uaryofiTi an kiTxviTi saxiT gamoyeneba: `amis wamkiTxveli/wamkiTxavi ara var, iq wamsvlelia axla is?~ da misT. SedarebiT
iSviaTia maTi mtkicebiTi semantikis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa, mag.:
`yvelafris gamkeTebelia eg!~; anda kiTxva-pasuxSi: `amis damweri xar
axla Sen? ratomac ara, var, diaxac, var!~. aq yvelgan SesamCnevia kategoriulobis pragmatuli semantikac, iseve rogorc vn. gv. myof. mimReoburi
2
Sdr. Sedgenil Semasmenlad kodificirebuli `wasuli var~ da gavixsenoT, rom
swored aseTi morfosintaqsemebi ikveTeba warmoSobiT me-3 seriis gardauval
zmnebSi: Zv. q. `wasrul var>ax.q. wavsulvar~ (an>fl).
3
msgavsi warmoebaa axal somxurSi ac mimReobian morfosintaqsemebSi: kardac’ac
em, `nakiTxi var~ (kardac’ac vn. gv. mimR.)(ix. Raribiani).
4
Sdr. rus.: Сюда я больше не ездок, туда я не ходок, он не едок, я хороший едок
(едоки) da misT.
125
birTvis SemTxvevaSi gamoxatuli gvqonda obligatorulobis (aucileblobis, valdebulebis) pragmatuli semantika. mag.: `saxlis amSenebelia
axla eg?~ [kiTxvis saxiT pragmatuli mtkiceba: eg ar aris saxlis
amSenebeli!].
rogorc vxedavT, gansaxilveli morfosintaqsemebis daxasiaTebaSi
pragmatuli semantikac ikavebs SesamCnev adgils. moqm. gv-is (nominatiuri
wyobis) morfosintaqsemebis prototipebi Zv. q-Si da saS. q-Si TvalsaCinodaa dafiqsirebuli: moqm. gv. mimReoba predikatuli (zmnuri) SinaarsiT
xSirad gamoiyeneba: `amisma mcnobman Tamar, Tamar aramkadre-belman
siZobisaman, moswrafe mefe, mpovnelTa saqmroisa~ da a. S. (q. cx. 173,
182-183 da sxv.).
universalia: mimReoba=zmna.
O
amdenad, Cven SeZlebisdagvarad mimovixileT ax. q-is an(aRw) morfosintaqsemaTa sakmaod didi kompleqsi, romelic sxvadasxva gramatikulsemantikuri blokebisgan Sedgeba. yvela bloki diaqroniulad gamomdinareobs enis istoriidan da amave dros daeZebneba farTo diapazonis
universaluri da tipologiuri paralelebi. ganxiluli blokebi
gviCveneben urTierTdaqvemdebarebul gramatikul (2, II) da semantikur (1,
I) sawyisTa doneebs. sakomunikacio semantikac ukavSirdeba aq garkveul
morfosintaqsur da gramatikul-semantikur pirobebs. magram yvela
gansaxilveli blokis mTliani sistematizacia xerxdeba pirvel rigSi
morfosintaqsuri
klasifikaciiT,
kodifikaciiTa
da
definiciiT.
formaluri
morfosintaqsuri
modelebi
awesrigeben
sxvadasxva
semantikur jgufebs, xolo sintaqsuri rolebiT operireba _ sxvadasxva
aqtantur urTierTmimarTebebs.5 yvela blokis sayrdens warmoadgens
mimReoburi predikatuli birTvi.
gvaqvs sruli safuZveli axal qarTulSi dadasturebuli yvela
an-bloki ganvixiloT rogorc cikluri spiraluri xveulebis an-fl-an
universaluri morfosintaqsuri gamovlineba.
pirvel rigSi es Seexeba namyo mimReobur-birTvian perfeqtebs a-b-s.
am ukanasknelT gaaCniaT diaqroniuli wanamZRvrebi, pirvel rigSi, _
gamWvirvale perifrasuli warmoSobis III seriis mwkrivebi (Zveli perfeqtebi). rogorc adreve iqna warmodgenili, indoevropul (ie)-perfeqtul
morfosintaqsemebTan Sepirispirebis safuZvelze q-is III seriis I mwkri5
sagangebod SeiZleba msjeloba posesiuri perfeqtebis mimarTebaze WeSmariti
pasivis an kvazipasivis, kvazoagensur konstruqciebTan. miT ufro, rom qarTulSi
saziaro agensur formebsac vxvdebiT, rogoricaa: -gan-Tandebuliani genetivi,
_tipi `misgan~; rom aRaraferi vTqvaT pasiv/posesivis urTierTgadakveTaze
mimReoburi birTvis orazrovnebis TvalsazrisiT. sagulisxmoa iseTi q-agensuri
formebis gaTvaliswineba, rogoricaa `mier~, -iT, -idan da sxv. mag.: `misiT, mis
mier, Cemgan, Cemidan~ da misT. a. S. (dawvril. ix. saxokia).
126
vis amosavali struqturuli modeli aRdgenili maqvs am saxiT: *-m-(i)Wam-(i)-a, sadac P-birTvad gvevlineba masdaruli zmnuri fuZe Temis
niSnis gareSe (saxokia 1998, ix. bibl. iqve; Sdr. meliqiSvili-asaTiani,
meliqiSvili 1991 da sxv.). III seriis aseTi sqema yvelaze axlo, mWidro
identurobas amJRavnebs saS. sp-is ergativisebur perfeqtTa zedapirul
morfosintaqsur struqturasTan: Sdr.: -m kart, -m-xward (hast). iranuli
enebis TvalnaTlivi faqtebidan gamomdinare, SemiZlia gamoviyvano logikuri tipologiuri xasiaTis daskvna, rom klitikuri piris markeri
(morfi) sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara yofili (warmoSobiT)
nacvalsaxeluri elementi, romelic fonetikurad iqca klitikad da
Semdeg Camoyalibda morfad. me SesaZleblad mimaCnia vivaraudo, rom q(qv)
inversiuli (igive ergativizebuli, Tu saqme perfeqtebs exeba, anu
meorad/meoreul ergativizacias) morfosintaqsemebis struqturebs unda
gaevloT igive gza, rac ganvles sparsulis WrilSi enklitikurma
struqturebma modeliT: nacv. enkl.+zmnuri fuZe+(CaSvebuli kopula
Vesse). am morfosintaqsemebis umniSvnelovanesi komponenti ki aris:
nacvalsaxeluri elementi>klitika>morfi(piris markeri)(ix. saxokia
1985,
1998,
2002,
2003,
2005;
Sdr.
oranskaia).
Sesabamis
morfosintaqsur struqturaTa retrospeqcia, diaqronia da tipologia
rogorc qarTulSi, aseve sparsulSi, gulisxmobs aseT SemTxvevaSi piris
markerTa
ganviTarebis
Semdeg
gzas:
Oid>Sobl;
Sgramm>Od;
Sobl>SergAgens (Sposs, Saff) q(qv)-Si saqme exeba iribobieqtur>
iribsubieqtur man-is rigis markerebs, romelTa aRdgenili sqema
Sepirispirebadia ie-pie umaxvilo nacvalsaxelur elementTa sistemasTan
(gamyreliZe-ivanovi, 254-255)6 q./saS. sp.-is masalaze dayrdnobiT gamosayofia namyo drois morfosintaqsemaTa ori Sepirispirebadi wyvili: a(a),
b(b). a(a): saS. sp.man kart ham>ax.sp.man k’ardam (Zv.sp.mana kartam astiy)
`Cemi gakeTebuli var(<aris)~ *me-n-a ket-a>me(n)(v)ket(e)a (II seria_erg)
*me-na(v)-keT-(e)-a `me gavakeTe~. b(b): saS. sp. m-kart(hast) .>ax. sp. k’ardam
(Zv. sp.-maiy kartam astiy) *m-ikeTeb-ia, q.*m(e) m-i-čam-i-a (III seria _
invers.) *m-Wam-(i)-a `miWamia(=vWame)~.
sparsuli konebis dinamika saxezea, _ dafiqsirebulia erTis mxriv
klitikebisgan da meores mxriv kopulisgan piris niSanTa Camoyalibeba
saS. sp. >ax. sp.-is doneze. imavdroulad, amasTanave aranJirdeba ZiriTadi diqotomia: gardamavali zmna _ klitika, gardauvali _ kopula
(saxokia 1985, 1998, 2004, 2005). msgavsi diqotomia fiqsirdeba
qarTulSic: gardamavali _ manis rigis prefiqsebi, gardauvali _ kopulaturi warmoSobis piris niSnebi _ var, xar, a... _ (Sdr. oniani). q-is
markerebi manis rigSi daaxloebiT ase gvesaxeba: m-me, g-ege,
s-isi, ese
6
es tipologiuri daskvnebi met mniSvnelobas iZens siRrmiseuli nostratuli
nivTieri masalis gaTvaliswinebisas: ix. *mi,* m (iliC-svitiCi).
127
da a. S. kopulis aucilebloba, SesaZloa, amagrebs manis rigis konebis
mdgradobas qv-Si. q(qv)-Si vxedavT enklitikuri (manis rigis) da
kopulaturi markerebis wonasworobas III seriis konebSi. manis rigis
morfebs hipoTeturad ganvixilav nacvalsaxeluri elementebis klitikur
rudimentebad. ie(sp)//qv tipologia am konebSi TvalsaCinoa da
gamWvirvalea enklitikuri modelebis wamyvani niSniT. ufro rTulia ergII seriis sakiTxi q(qv)-Si. Cemeuli perifrasuli iribsubieqturi
modelebia: Sgen/Dat (Transf.) OblErg+P(Vstem,Masd)+copula(Vesse)+
Onom; SoblN(n) (*ma-n, vi-n, *mena*sena, cuena, tkuena) (saxokia 1985, 160161; Sdr. meliqiSvili 2002). III piris mr.r.-is forma ma-T agreTve
SoblErg-is iolad warmosadgen da dasaZlev nimuSad mimaCnia, TumcaRa arn.
Ciqobava eWvobda mis iribulobas subieqturi sufiqsaluri SeTanxmebis
gamo (Ciqobava 1985, 160-161). q. (qv) II seriis morfosintaqsis sxvadasxva
sakiTxebs bolo TxuTmeti-oci wlis manZilzec mravali gamokvleva
mieZRvna, romelic sakmao mravalferovnebiTa da nairsaxeobiT gamoirCeva.
maT Soris CvenTvis aRsaniSnavia kvlavac amosacnobi elementis – n-s
(formebi ma-n, vi-n) upiratesi interpretacia piris aRmniSvnel morfonologiur erTeulad, Tumca misi etimologia mainc gaurkvevelia
(gamoTqmulia azric, rom `man~, `vin~ mTliani niSania, n masSi fuZiseulia da calke ver iqneba erg-brunvis niSani). mainc ikveTeba saerTo
mosazreba, rom n- nazaliani elementebi Tu calke – n nazali
aranominativis anuU iribi
brunvis niSania pirvel rigSi (Sdr.: focxiSvili 1985, asaTiani 1994, suxiSvili, sarjvelaZe, oniani, uTurgaiZe,
Tofuria 1984, 1988; harisi, hiuiti, nebieriZe 1986, 1987; meliqiSviliasaTiani 1988 da sxv.)..
me Cemis mxridan yvela SemTxvevaSi vvaraudob *SoblErg-s. I p. vinis
rigis markers aq axsna sWirdeba: is uTuod analogiaa, Tundac I seriis
Camoyalibebis Semdgomi, meoradi analogia, da faqtobrivad nominativizaciis garkveul xarisxze miuTiTebs (Sdr. ix. tueti 1988, 238239). amas ar SeuSlis xels r. asaTianis debuleba vinis rigis
pragmatul-semantikuri datvirTulobis Sesaxeb mTavari wevris mixedviT.
k. tueti erTgvarad amagrebs Cems koncefcias II seriis modelis Sesaxeb,
_ warmoSobiT perifrasuli (aRweriTi, analizuri) da morfosintaqsurad iribi struqtura. mas *ma-n keT-a Cemeuli (saxokiaseuli)
modelisTvis gamohyavs mr. r-is forma: Od-s TvalsazrisiT da
zemomoyvanil varskvlavian konaSi Semohyavs mr. r-is markeri –n-: *ma-n
keT-n-a anu `man akeTa bevri saqme, bevri ram~ _ "to him there are multiple
accomplished doings" (-n orive mravlobiTobas gamoxatavs, _ saxelursa
da zmnurs). k. tueti gadmocems Cems ZiriTad debulebas, romlis
Tanaxmad 1-ergk-is birTvi aris saxeli (verbal noun) anu SiSveli zmnuri
fuZe, romelsac erTvis kopula. xolo im moqmedebis agensi, romelsac
128
igi, _ birTvi gamoxatavs, Sesabamisad iribia (aranominativi). avtors
mohyavs ie-enaTa is paralelebic, romelTac me mivmarTav (Zv. sp., Zv.
somx., ind., slav., balt., laT., da sxv.) (tueti, 1988, 239). k. tuetisTvis mxolod isaa asaxsneli, rom vinis rigis analogiiT II seriis I p.
dauSvebs vinis markers, maSin rodesac II seria I seriaze ufro Zvelia,
xolo datiuri formebi (III seria) yvelaze axalia (tueti 239; Sdr.:
Smidti 1984, 297, harisi 1985). rogorc ukve vcade amexsna, analogia
swored rom gviandeli unda iyos da meoradi, _ albaT ukve I seriis
Camoyalibebis Semdgomi. aseT SemTxvevaSi I seriis analogia II seriaSi
(vini) mTlian istoriul konteqstSi Cajdeba. SesaZloa, aq is
pragmatul-semantikuri faqtoric TamaSobdes rols, romelzedac r.
asaTiani laparakobs: mTavari wevris xazgasma vin-rigis niSniT (sakomunikacio semantika). II seriis odealur samsjelo sqemad amitomac
Tavidanve III piris modeli mqonda wardgenili. k. tueti n. maris Zvel
debulebasac ixsenebs, romlis Tanaxmadac *-n niSniani erg-brunva Zveli
dativis an genetivis asaxvas warmoadgens (mari 1925, fogti 1947, 125,
tueti, 239). swored *-n aris miRebuli aRdgenad saerToqarTvelur
dativad ukanaskneli xanis qarTvelologiur ZiebebSic (oniani; Sdr. qv.
dativ-transformativi: Smidti).
kvlevis es ukanaskneli mimarTuleba exmaureba ie//qv morfosintaqsis saerTo analizis uaxles Sedegebs. tradiciuli aoristuli
ergk
unda
asaxavdes
ufro
Zvel
rekonstruirebad
modelebs
ganzogadoebuli saerTo wamyvani sqemiT: .
*SoblErg+P(verb.Stem/Part)+Onom+copula (>pers.mark.)
am sqemis morfosintaqsuri arsi aRweriToba, iribagensuroba da
saxelurbirTvianobaa. samive qarTveluri enisTvis am konstruqciaTa
arsia saerTo, magram saerTo ergativizebuli konstruqcia nivTierad ar
aRdgeba (Sdr. meliqiSvili-asaTiani, meliqiSvili, oniani, nebieriZe,
Smidti da sxv.). samagierod tipologiurad naTelyofilia cal-calke
yvela ergativizebul konstruqciaTa logikurad savaraudo morfosintaqsuri niSnebi: iribi subieqti erT-erT irib brunvaSi (aucilebeli da
sakmarisi struqturuli niSani), analizuri (aRweriTi) genezisi
(meoradi SesaZlo fleqsivaciiT), predikatuli birTvis saxelur-zmnuri
genezisi (zmnuri fuZe, masdari, mimReoba, saxeli da sxv.).
amgvari konstruqciebi da morfosintaqsuri konebi (morfosintaqsemebi) gamudmebiT da ciklurad warmoiSveba sxvadasxva enebSi sxvadasxva
diaqroniul doneebze.
axalqarTuli a da b perfeqtebic III da II seriis tipis Zveli
analizuri (aRweriTi) konebis _ morfosintaqsemebis erTgvari cikluri
regeneraciaa. maTi struqturebi agebulia samive zemodasaxelebul
morfosintaqsur niSanze: iribi subieqti _ agensi, birTvi _ mimReoba,
129
aRweriToba. yvela SemTxvevaSi es axalqarTulis fleqsiuri sistemis
fonze Sidaenobrivi dinamikis ZaliT avtonomiurad da TvalnaTlivad
warmoCenili zogadtipologiuri, universaluri
xasiaTis morfosintaqsemebia. maTi semantika fleqsiur erTeulTa semantikis tolfardia.
maTi produqtiuloba ki Tanamedrove enis yvela sferoSi da pirvel
rigSi sametyvelo nakadSi maRali da sul mzardi xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.
aseTia axalqarTul aRweriT perfeqtTa Cveneuli klasifikacia,
kvalifikacia da tipologiuri kodifikacia yvela parametrebis zemoT
ganxiluli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT _ diaqroniis, retrospeqciisa da
tipologiis erTdrouli gaTvaliswinebiT.
dasasrul, davZenT, rom sasurvelia sakiTxis yovelmxrivi Seswavla
kompiuteruli damuSavebis meTodiT. am mimarTulebiT ukve gadavdgiT
pirveli nabijebi (saxokia 2002)7.
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3. 1989. 129-130.
Smidti _ Schmidt K. H., Kaukasische Typologie des Hilfsmittel fur die Rekonstruktion
des Vorindogermanischen. Innsbruck, 1983; Schmidt K. H., Die Kartvelischen Sprachen
Genetisch und Typologisch gegehen, KZ. B. 102, H.2, Gottingen1989. 245-258. Ciqobava
1984 _ Чикобава А. С., Грузинский язык, Ежегодник ИКЯ, XI, Тбилиси 1984, 9-36.
WaniSvili _ Чанишвили Н. В., Падеж и глагольные категории в грузинском
предложении, М. 1981.
xolodoviCi – Холодович А. А., Проблемы грамматической теории, Л. 1979.
xrakovski _ Храковский В. С., Пассивные конструкции: определение, значение,
исчисление, типология. Проблемы семантики, М. 1974; Пассивные конструкции.
Типология пассивных конструкций. Л. 1974.
jemisoni _ Jamison St. W., The case of the agent in Indo-European, Die Sprache, Bd. 25,
n.2, 1979, 129-143.
harisi 1979 _ Harris A., Retired Term Marking in Old Georgian. The elements: A
parassession on Linguistic Units and Levels, Papers from the Conf. in Non-Slavic
Languages if the USSR. Chicago. 1979. 377-389.
SemoklebaTa sia
a _perfeqtis pirobiTi simbolo
b _ perfeqtis pirobiTi simbolo
ie; pie _ indoevropuli; proto-/preindoevropuli
q. _ qarTuli
qv. _ qarTveluri
fl. _ fleqsiuri
aRw. _ aRweriTi
an. _ analizuri
Zv. q. _ Zveli qarTuli
saS. q. _ saSualo qarTuli
ax. q. _ axali qarTuli
Tan. q., Taxq. _ Tanamedrove qarTuli
Zv. sp. _ Zveli sparsuli
Zv. somx. _ Zveli somxuri
Zv. ind. _ Zveli induri
bibl. _ bibl. saxokia 1985, 1998.
slav. _ slavuri
balt. _ balturi
pp. _ posesiuri perfeqti
erg., erg. k. _ ergatiuli, ergatiuli konstruqcia
pl. ios. _ platon ioseliani
b. jorj. _ barbare jorjaZe
r. xar. _ rusudan xaraZe
arq. _ arqivi
q. cx. _ qarTlis cxovreba
maTe _ maTes saxareba
133
rom. _ romaelebi (saxareba)
uJ. (lit. bibl.) _ uJgorodi (ix. bibl.)
fsug. (lit. bibl.) _ funqcionaluri sintaqsi da universaluri gramatika
(ix. bibl.saxokia 1998: Folye W. A.van Valin R. Functional Syntax and Universal
Grammar. Cambridge, Melbourne, Sydney. 1984).
lt..(lit. bibl.) _ lingvisturi tipologia (ix. bibl.saxokia 1985: Language
Typology. Systematic balance in Language. Lingustic Typology Symposium Papers.
Berkeley. 1987. Amsterdam-Philadelphia. 1990. ed. Lehmann.; Language Typology and
Syntactic description. Clause Structure. v. I. Cambridge. 1985. I-II-III; Mallinson G., Blake
B. J. Language Typology. Cross-Lingistic Studies in Syntax.Amsterdam. 1982.).
rkt (lit. bibl.) _ Типология результативных конструкций( ix. bibl. saxokia
1985, 1998: 1983).
pkt (lit. bibl.) _ Типология пассивных конструкций
pakt (lit. bibl.) _ Типология конструкций с предикатными актантами (ix.
bibl. saxokia 1985, 1998: 1985).
ssttm (lit. bibl.) _ Структурно-типологические методы в синтаксисе
ЛЯ-АН _ Ленинградское отделение Института языкознания Академии наук
ИЛИ-Институт лингвистических исследований АНР
Sgen.,Sgen.ag., SgenAg. _ subieqti genetivSi, agenturi subieqti genetivSi
S agent- subieqti _ agensi
Sdat _ subieqti dativSi
Snom- subieqti nominativSi
Vesse _
zmna AyofnaA
V habendi _ zmna Aqona-yolaA
Past. _ namyo
Pass. _ pasiuri, pasivSi, pasivi
Part. _ mimReoba
Onom., Od.nom. _ obieqti nominativSi, pirdapiri obieqti nominativSi
Od _ pirdapiri obieqti
Oid _ iribi obieqti
Sorient. _ sasubieqto orientacia
Oorient. _ saobieqto orientacia
Vstem _ zmnis fuZe
Ag. _ agensi
Sobl., S oblAg _ iribi subieqti, iribi agensi
Acc. _ akuzativi
prep. _ windebuli
GS _ gramatikuli subieqti
LO _ logikuri obieqti
134
Maia Sakhokia
New Analytical Perfects of Modern Georgian:
Diachrony, Retrospection and Typology
Summary
In Modern Georgian several different analytical morphosyntactic sequences
may be singled out. Among them different types of analytical perfects are most
important.
I have singled out two new analitical forms of perfect (A and B) in MG.
They may be expressed by the formulas: A - eius factus est opera (=factum est
operam); B - mihi factus (=factum) est/HABEO=mihi est/opera (=operam). Its
models are; A-S agent Gen+Part.Pass.Past+copula V esse-Onom chemi
gaketebulia sadili "I have cooked the dinner" (its AGENTless type corresponds to
Shanidze' s "absolutive compound predicate"); B - Sdat agent+Part. Pass.Past. +
copula V habendi (animate/inanimate) _Onom (an/inanim) mas nanakhi akvs
pilmi, nanakhi hqavs bavshvi "He/she has seen the film (O inanim, Vhabere inan,
the child (O animate V habere anim). The type B corresponds to Shanidze's
"relative compound predicate". The corresponding Future Perfects A and B
(perfecta futuri, - perfect in future) by the future participial predicate NUCLEUS
may and must be devided into: chemi gasaketebelia sadili, mas sanakhavi hqavs
bavshvi "I have to cook the dinner, She has to see/visit the child". The pragmatic
semantics of Future Perfects is "obligation": the action is obligatory. The
corresponding intransitives are attestedtoo (e.g. tsasasvleli var "I have to go/ I
must go).
The transitive perfects mentioned above (A and B) are of ergative surface
structure (with oblique, non-nominative Agent case forms).
The An-perfects mentioned above were studied by me earlier in the light of
typological comparison and diachronic analysis of possessivity, transitivity and
ergativity in Georgian (Kartvelian) and Indo-European languages (Sakhokia
1985, 1998, 2002). On the basis of morphosyntactic and pragmatic
COMMUNICATIVE analysis the full PARADIGMS of MG An-perfects may
and must be qualified as the new analytical additional VERB CONJUGATION
sequences (THE PERIHRASTICAL perfective sequences Past and Future). They
must be described as parallel forms to inflectional verb conjugation (See Table 8
in Sakhokia 1985, 1998, 2002). The main common table of paradigms includes 18
computer packets of A and B conjugations series with different syntactical and
semantic roles.
135
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
semantika/frazeologia/leqsikologia
lia abulaZe
komponenturi analizi da sintagmaturi leqsikuri mimarTebebi
"В словесной области, обратно чем в области человеческой,
все дело, или почти все дело _ в соседстве! " (sityvebis sferoSi, adamianebis sferosagan gansxvavebiT, yvelaferi an TiTqmis yvelaferi mezoblobazea damokidebuli).
Марина Цветаева
leqsikuri
semantika
swavlobs
sityvis
mniSvnelobas.
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom `sityvis mniSvnelobas adamiani ufro
aracnobierad SeigrZnobs, vidre inteleqtis meSveobiT swvdeba~ (gaTri
1983, 5), maSin cxadi gaxdeba, ra siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebis mecnieruli kvleva. leqsikuri semantikis amocanaa
swored `aracnobieri SegrZnebebis~ eqsplikacia.
`yoveli calkeuli sityva ar aris raRac damoukideblad arsebuli ram, aramed aris im procesebis kvanZi, romlebic Seadgenen metyvelebas da misi mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba mxolod cocxal metyvelebaSi
da ara leqsikonis ganmartoebaSi~. leqsikonSi sityvis mniSvneloba gadmocemulia sxva sityvebiT, magram mxolod `...TviT sityva, mxolod is da
veraviTari sxva sityva ver swvdeba mis azrs ufro Rrmad da ufro
sruli momcvelobiT, vidre TviTon is gamoxatavs Tavis Tavs~ (Florenskij
1989 , 126)1.
florenskis es gamonaTqvami erTi SexedviT TiTqos eWvqveS ayenebs
ganmartebiTi leqsikonisa da saerTod leqsikuri semantikis Rirebulebas,
magram amave dros imazec migvaniSnebs, rom sityvis mniSvnelobis kvlevas
mxolod metyvelebis procesTan mimarTebaSi aqvs azri. es Sexeduleba
Tanamedrove semantikaSi TandaTan ufro da ufro naTlad ikveTeba,
radgan sityva enaSi TiTqmis arasdros ar gvxvdeba izolirebulad. Tumca
"...всякое отдельное слово не сть что-либо существующее самостоятельно, но лишь узел тех процессов, которые составляют речь , и в своем значении определяется лишь в живой речи, а не в уединении словаря; ... самое слово, оно одно и
никакое другое слово не возьмет его смысла глубже и полно охотнее, нежели
выражает оно само себя".
1
136
arian
mkvlevrebi,
romlebic
aRiareben
sityvis
semantikur
damoukideblobas. es qmnis semantikaSi or sxvadasxva midgomas:
leqsikocentrulsa da teqstocentruls.
sityvis mniSvnelobis kvlevas Cveulebriv mniSvnelobis gansazRvriT
iwyebdnen (Ogden & Richards 1951), rac cnobili ingliseli lingvistis
j. liCis TqmiT, ar aris aucilebeli. liCi SeniSnavs, rom, magaliTad,
fizikaSi ar iyo gansazRvruli da axlac ar aris sabolood dadgenili
iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa atomi, dro da sxv., magram es ar niSnavs, rom
fizikosebi ar ikvlevdnen atomisa da drois Tvisebebs. Tu saWiro
gaxdeba, definicia TviTon SemuSavdeba da daixveweba kvlevis Sedegad
(Leech 1974, 4).
sityvis logikuri anu konceptualuri mniSvneloba, romelsac
zogjer denotaturs an SemecnebiT-kognitiursac uwodeben, ZiriTadia
mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa Soris.
konceptualuri mniSvnelobebi gamoixateba kontrastuli Tvisebebis
terminebiT, rac SeiZleba Seudardes enis fonologiuri donis erTeulebs, romlebic identificirdebian binaruli opoziciebis terminebiT.
kontrastuli Tvisebebis gamoyofa an sityvis Sinaarsis daSla
mcire elementebad anu komponentebad
daiwyes amerikelma anTropologebma da eTnografebma naTesaobis terminebis kvlevis dros (Lounsbury
1956; Goodenough 1956), Tumca sakiTxis istoriisaTvis isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ukve laibnicTan vxvdebiT mniSvnelobisadmi sistematuri
komponenturi midgomis cdas. laibnici cdilobda gamoexata rTuli
mniSvnelobebi ufro martivi elementebiT anu primitiuli semantikuri
erTeulebiT, romlebic misTvis Seadgendnen Yadamianis azrovnebis anbans
(Cruse 1990,166).
amerikeli anTropologebis mier Catarebuli komponenturi analizi Zalian axlos dgas samociani wlebis evropuli struqturuli semantikis kvlevebTan. komponenturi analizis sailustraciod xSirad mimarTaven b. poties magaliTs (Coseriu & Geckeler 1981, 41, Cruse 1990, 168).
`skami~ chaise
`savarZeli~ fauteuil
`tabureti~ tabouret
`kanape~
canapé
`pufi~
pouf
S1
+
+
+
-
S2
+
+
+
+
+
S3
+
+
+
+
S4
+
+
+
+
+
137
S5
+
+
-
S6
+
+
+
+
-
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S1 – zurgiani, S2 – fexebiani, S3 – erTi personisaTvis, S4 – dasajdomi,
S5 – saxelurebiani, S6 – myari masalisagan.
amrigad, zemoT moyvanili sityvebis (skami, savarZeli...) mniSvnelobaTa dasaxasiaTeblad gamoyofilia eqvsi sema, aqedan ori (fexebianiU
da Ydasajdomi) xuTive sityvis struqturaSi Sedis da potie maT
arqisemebs uwodebs.
komponenturi analizis Sedegad miiReba sityvis semantikuri
struqturis formula, romelic unda akmayofilebdes garkveul kanonebs.
am kanonebs liCi Semdegnairad ayalibebs:
1.
komponentebis rigi ar aris relevanturi mniSvnelobaTa
gansasxvaveblad;
2. Tu formulaSi erTi da igive komponenti orjer meordeba, aseTi
formula Warbia;
3. erTi sityvis formulaSi ar SeiZleba ori urTierTgamomricxavi
(kontrastuli) komponenti Sediodes.
garda am kanonebisa, liCi ganixilavs agreTve damokidebulebis
kanonebs, romlebsac siWarbis kanonebic SeiZleba ewodos, radgan maTi
meSveobiT sityvis semantikuri struqturis formulebs emateba iseTi
komponentebi, romelTa winaswarmetyvelebac SesaZlebelia da amdenad
isini Warbi arian sityvis ekonomiuri semantikuri reprezentaciisaTvis.
magaliTad, komponenti mamr. damokidebulia komponentze +sulieri, da
Tu formulaSi gvaqvs +mamr., an -mamr., maSin masSi aRar aris saWiro
damatebiT komponenti +sulieri-s warmodgena. es semantikuri damokidebulebis kanonebi iZleva SesaZleblobas gavwioT ekonomia sityvebis
definiciisas (Leech 1974, 120-121).
bevri mkvlevari skeptikurad aris ganwyobili komponenturi
analizis meTodis mimarT. ana verJbickas, magaliTad, miaCnia, rom
semantikuri komponentebis gamoyofa sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebSi mcire
warmodgenasac ar iZleva semantikuri
problemebis ganuzomeli
sirTuleebis Sesaxeb (Wierzbicka 1980, 347-348).2
me vfiqrob, rom komponenturi analizi saintereso Sedegebs iZleva
rogorc calke sityvis, ise Sesityvebis semantikuri kvlevis dros. amis
dasasabuTeblad mivmarTavT Sesityvebebis anu kolokaciebis analizs.
cnobilia, rom sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis struqturaTa dadgena ufro
2
aq minda SevniSno, rom TviTon veJbickas mier SemuSavebuli bunebrivi semantikuri metaenis (NSM - Natural Semantic Metalanguage) Rirebuleba, romelSiac
sityvis mniSvneloba semantikuri primitivebis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba, sakmaod
sadavoa.
138
advilad xerxdeba, rodesac am sityvebs masTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul
sityvebTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT. umciresi Sesityveba, romelSiac
Sedis sityva, aris sintagma an sityvaTSexameba anu sintaqsuri wyvili.
sintaqsur wyvils Cven vuwodebT iseT sityvaTSexamebas, romelSic ori
sityva erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia gramatikuli da semantikuri
SeTanxmebis garkveuli wesebiT. qvemoT Cven swored amgvar Sesityvebebs
ganvixilavT.
sintaqsuri wyvilis wevrebis semantikuri struqturebi ganapirobeben imas, Tu ramdenad dasaSvebia esa Tu is Sesityveba, arsebobs Tu ara
masSi Semavali sityvebis Tanxvedris SezRudvebi.
ikegami gamoyofs SesityvebaTa anu kolokaciaTa Semdeg tipebs
(Ikegami 1967, 62):
1.
normaluri: swrafad midis
2.
Warbi: swrafad miiCqaris
Seusabamo: nela Cqarobs
3.
4. uazro: wiTlad moZraobs
pirvel SemTxvevaSi swrafad moqmedebis tempis gamomxatveli
sityvaa da bunebrivia misi xmareba moZraobis aRmniSvnel zmnasTan. meore
SemTxvevaSi TviT zmnis mniSvnelobaSi Sedis komponenti +tempi, rac
meordeba zmnisarTSiac, amitom erT SesityvebaSi misi 2-jer Sexvedra
siWarbes gvaZlevs. Tumca siWarbe ar gveqneboda, zmnaSi +tempi leqsikur
doneze rom ar iyos gamoxatuli. magaliTad, savsebiT normaluria
swrafad garbis. mesame SemTxvevaSi ki igive komponenti (+tempi)
urTierTsapirispiro niSnebiT aris warmodgenili, (nela-Si Sedis
komponenti tempi uaryofiTi niSniT, Cqarobs-Si ki dadebiTiT), rac
Seusabamo Sesityvebis mizezia. meoTxe SemTxveva saerTod uazroa, Tumca
mainc SeiZleba daiZebnos konteqsti, romelSic es uazroba moixsneba.
magaliTad, `titrebSi zogi warwera wiTlad moZraobs~.
pirveli mkvlevari, vinc gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia
sityvaTa sintagmatur mimarTebebs, romlebic maT mniSvnelobebs efuZneba,
iyo valter porcigi (Porzig 1934). porcigis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, enaSi
gvaqvs sityvebi, romlebic garkveul konteqsts ganekuTvnebian. magaliTad,
qera SeiZleba iyos mxolod Tma, Wixvinebs cxeni, kakanebs qaTami da a. S.
amgvar wyvilebs porcigi elementarul velebs uwodebs. elementarul
semantikur velebSi sityvebs Soris mimarTeba calsaxaa. velis erT-erT
wevrSi, porcigis TqmiT, ukve igulisxmeba amave velis meore wevri.
magaliTad, Wixvinebs zmnaSi ukve igulisxmeba cxeni, an sityvaSi badri
ivaraudeba mTvare. porcigs miaCnia, rom, rac ufro specifikuria
139
mimarTeba, miT ufro sainteresoa is enobrivi TvalsazrisiT (foCxua
1968, 30-42).
elementarul velebSi porcigi gamoyofda mimarTebaTa ramdenime
saxeobas:
1. moqmedebis mimarTeba am moqmedebis momxden organosTan:
lokavs eniT.
2. moqmedebis mimarTeba am moqmedebis subieqtTan:
moCuxCuxebs wyaro.
3. moqmedebis mimarTeba obieqtTan:
miaWenebs cxens.
4. zedsarTavis mimarTeba arsebiT saxelTan:
qera Tma.
amrigad, porcigis elementaruli semantikuri veli aris sityvaTSexamebis an Sesityvebis kerZo SemTxveva, roca erTi sityvis gamoCena
calsaxad gansazRvravs meores.
leqsikologiaSi im SesityvebaTa simravlis aRsaniSnavad, romlebSiac gvxvdeba esa Tu is sityva, ixmareba termini `rangi~. rodesac erTi
sityvis gamoCena calsaxad gansazRvravs meores, maSin am sityvis rangi
1-is tolia. rusulSi, magaliTad, gamoyofilia 1200-mde sityva, romlebic erT an iSviaTad or sityvasTan gvxvdebian: "навзрыд", "плакать",
"навытяжку", "стоять","вприпрыжку", "бежать" da misT.
amgvar Sesityvebebs fiqsirebulsac uwodeben. qarTulSi fiqsirebuli Sesityvebis magaliTebia: uRrani Ytye, gulaxdili Ysaubari,
Tavqudmoglejili YgarbisU da a. S.
kompiuteris gamoyeneba iZleva didi moculobis teqstebis
gaanalizebisa da sxvadasxva leqsikuri erTeulebis rangebis dadgenis
SesaZleblobas.
Tanamedrove saenaTmecniero literaturaSi sityvebs Soris azrobrivi kavSirebis dadgenis yvelaze mniSvnelovan cdebad zogi mkvlevari
miiCnevs katcis, fodorisa d postalis cdebs, romelTa mizansac
warmoadgenda xomskis warmomSobi gramatikis Sevseba
semantikuri
analiziT (Katz & Fodor 1963).
katcma da fodorma leqsikuri erTeulebis sintaqsur maxasiaTeblebs daumates semantikuri markerebi da semantikuri ganmasxvaveblebi,
romlebsac efuZneba mocemuli sityvis SeTanxmebadoba sxva enobriv
erTeulebTan. faqtobrivad maT gaafarToves xomskis mier SemoTavazebuli
seleqciuri SezRudvebis kvleva. seleqciuri SezRudvebi, marTalia,
avlenen zedapirul msgavsebas sintaqsur SezRudvebTan, magram, ZiriTadad
140
mainc semantikas eyrdnobian. seleqciuri SezRudvebis gamo, magaliTad,
miuRebelia Semdegi Sesityvebebi: gogo Segrovda (Segrovda
Seicavs
`mravlobiTobis~ an ufro zustad YkrebiTobisU komponents, da amitom
subieqtad moiTxovs krebiT saxels, xolo gogo gulisxmobs komponents
`erTeuli~). aseve miuRebelia wyvili: Seyvarebuli wyali, ramdenadac
Seyvarebuli iseTi atributia, romelic moiTxovs sazRvrulad cocxal
subieqts. es niSnavs swored sintaqsis realobaSi semantikis Semotanas.
seleqciuri SezRudvebis gverdiT gamoiyofa e. w. kolokaciuri
SezRudvebi (Cruse 1986 , 278-279; Cruse 1990, 162; Cruse 2000, 121).
gansxvaveba seleqciursa da kolokaciur SezRudvebs Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom seleqciuri SezRudvebi sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis Sedegad
logikuri aucileblobiT iCenen Tavs, kolokaciuri SezRudvebis
SemTxvevaSi ki Sesityvebis gaumarTaoba ar gamomdinareobs logikurad
misi Semadgeneli sityvebis semantikidan, es gaumarTaoba zogjer mxolod
e. w. enobrivi alRos meSveobiT SeigrZnoba da is SeiZleba moixsnas,
roca erT sityvas misi sinonimiT CavanacvlebT.3 magaliTad, gaumarTavia:
`(samsaxurSi) xelfasi amimaRles~, unda iyos: `...xelfasi momimates~,
anda: YgaukeTebiaT demonstracia, unda iyos: YgaumarTavT demonstracia.4
amrigad, kolokaciuri SezRudvebis axsna ver xerxdeba, seleqciuri
SezRudvebis dadgenisas ki gamoiyofa semantikuri niSnebi (markerebi) an
komponentebi,
romlebic
gansazRvraven
sityvaTa
kombinatorul
SesaZleblobebs. seleqciuri SezRudva dgindeba yoveli gramatikuli
konstruqciisaTvis, romelSiac SeiZleba Sediodes mocemuli leqsikuri
erTeuli. magaliTad, zmna `svams~ moiTxovs subieqts, romlis mniSvneloba unda Seicavdes komponents `sulieri~ da obieqts, romlis
mniSvneloba moicavs komponents `siTxe~.
seleqciur SezRudvebTan msgavsebas avlenen e. w. `leqsikuri solidarobebi~ (Coseriu 1967).5 e. koseriu asxvavebs leqsikuri solidarobebis
tipebs imis mixedviT, Tu ras implicirebs Sesityvebis erT-erTi wevris
mniSvneloba _ klasemas, (klasemebs Cveulebriv ganakuTvneben zogadi
mniSvnelobis mqone semantikur komponentebs: sulieri / arasulieri,
mamrobiTi sqesi / mdedrobiTi sqesi, Tvladi / araTvladi da a. S.),
Tavis gviandel wignSi kruze (Cruse 2000, 221) YSezRudvebisU (restrictions) nacvlad
laparakobs ukve seleqciursa da kolokaciur YupiratesobebzeU (preferences).
4 magaliTebi aRebulia j. hiuitis wignidan - Georgian Learner`s Grammar, 1995,
gv. 107 da 231.
5
seleqciur SezRudvebsa da leqsikur solidarobebs dawvrilebiT ganixilavs
kastovski (Kastovsky 1980, 70-92).
3
141
arqileqsemas (arqileqsemas koseriu uwodebs zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone
leqsikur erTeuls anu, ufro Tanamedrove terminologiiT, hiperonims),
Tu leqsemas. magaliTad,
1. moibodiSa (biWma) zmna subieqtad moiTxovs vin jgufis arsebiT
saxels, e. i. saxels, romlis mniSvnelobis erT-erTi komponentia klasema
[+sulieri]. amas koseriu uwodebs msgavsebas. amgvarad, moibodiSa
moiTxovs klasema [+sulieris] Semcvel subieqts.
2. rgavs (xes, buCqs, yvavils), e. i. rgavs zmna moiTxovs obieqtad
iseT saxelebs, romelTa gaerTianeba SeiZleba arqileqsema `mcenaris~
qveS. rgavs moiTxovs obieqtad mcenares (an mis hiponimebs). leqsikuri
SeTanxmebis amgvar tips koseriu uwodebs seleqcias.
3. Wixvinebs (cxeni) _ aq zmnaSi Wixvinebs ukve igulisxmeba cxeni.
leqsikuri solidarobis am
Wixvinebs implicirebs subieqtad cxens.
saxes koseriu implikacias uwodebs, is SeeTanadeba porcigis
elementarul velebs _ arsiT semantikur mimarTebebs.
seleqciuri SezRudvebis ganxilvas vainraixTan mohyva `gadataniTi
(transferuli) Tvisebis~ cnebis Semotana (Weinreich 1974). vainraixis
Teoriis mixedviT, gamonaTqvamis semantikuri struqtura daiyvaneba misi
Semadgenlebis mniSvnelobaTa komponentebis erTobliobamde. vainraixma
daadgina garkveuli wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven komponentebis
urTierTmimarTebas. misi azriT, semantikur komponentebze dayrdnobiT
azrobrivi SezRudvebi martivad aRiwereba, oRond saWiroa damatebiT
iqnes miRebuli damokidebulebis kanoni, romelic daakavSirebs sintaqsur
wyvilebSi Semavali sityvebis analizis Sedegad gamoyofil komponentebs.
seleqciuri SezRudvebis nacvlad, vainraixi gvTavazobs e. w. `gadataniT
(transferul) Tvisebebs~, romelnic Sinaarsobrivad seleqciur SezRudvebs gvanan, Tumca maTgan gansxvavebulad moqmedeben. es sxvaoba kargad
Cans Semdegi winadadebis magaliTze: petrem gatexa ZaRli _ zmna gatexa
moiTxovs pirdapir obieqts seleqciuri SezRudviT [fizikuri obieqti],
Tanac damatebiTi TvisebiT myife [rigid]. mocemuli Tviseba ZaRls ar
gaaCnia. katcis TeoriaSi sintagmas `gatexa ZaRli~ ar eqneba
interpretacia da is anomaliurad CaiTvleba, radgan aq ara gvaqvs
Sesabamisoba zmnis seleqciur SezRudvasa da obieqtis Tvisebas Soris,
magram vainraixis sistemaSi Tviseba [myife] gadadis pirdapir obieqtze _
ZaRlze da Sesityveba xdeba azriani, ramdenadac is am viTarebaSi
moiTxovs interpretacias, romlis mixedviT ZaRlis formis mqone myife
fizikuri obieqti, magaliTad, faifuris ZaRli an saTamaSo ZaRli (xis
an minis) SeiZleba gatydes.
142
vainraixis mier moyvanili magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom
Sesityvebas SeuZlia zemoqmedeba moaxdinos masSi Semavali sityvebis
semantikaze. SesityvebaSi SeiZleba moxdes komponentis gadaadgileba,
erTerTma sityvam SeiZleba SeiZinos axali komponenti amave Sesityvebis
meore wevris gavleniT da mere SeinarCunos is, rogorc sakuTari
semantikuri struqturis Semadgeneli nawili.6 magram kolokaciaTa analizis dros isic yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom ena da is situaciebi,
6
SesityvebaSi Semavali sityvebis semantikuri struqturebis amgvar
zemoqmedebas zogjer erTi sityvis mier meore sityvis mniSvnelobis sruli
YSesrutvaU SeiZleba mohyves Sedegad. sailustraciod moviyvanoT erTi
iseTi
Sesityvebebi,
magaliTi: Cven gavaanalizeT Zvel qarTul teqstebSi
romlebSiac subieqtad gvevlineba sityva Jami. rogorc viciT, Zvel qarTulSi
sityva Jami gamoxatavs ara marto drois zogad mniSvnelobas, aramed drois
garkveul monakveTebsac: wuTi, saaTi, dRe, Tve, sezoni, weliwadi. Jami yvelaze
ufro xSirad subieqtad Semdeg SesityvebebSi gvevlineba: movida Jami: moiwia
dasasruli da movida Jami (mrk. 14. 41). movals Jami: aha movals Jami da
mowevnul ars (i. 16, 32); xolo igi kualadca ubrZanebda, raTa dro-yos da
T.T. movals Jami, romelsa iqmnes monazon... (ser, zarzm. cx.).
`movals Jami~-s paralelurad oTxTavis C redaqciaSi gvaqvs: `moviden
Jamni~: dedakaco, grwmenin Cemi, rameTu moviden Jamni, odes arca amas mTasa, arca
ierusal msa, aramed Tayuanis-scemdeT mamasa (i. 4, 21). `movlenan Jamni~: aramed
movlenan Jamni da awve ars, odes WeSmaritni Tayuanis-scemden mamasa suliTa da
WeSmaritebiTa (i. 4, 23). `movides Jami~: nu gikvirn ese, rameTu movides Jami.
romelsa yovelni romelni isxnen saflavebsa, isminon mamisa misisa (i. 5, 28).
sxva redaqciebSi am magaliTebSi gvaqvs : `movals Jami~. saerTod es
Sesityveba Zalian xSiria Zvel qarTul teqstebSi.
SeiZleba swored am Sesityvebebis sixSiris gamo subieqtis semantikas
mTlianad YiwovsU zmna da misgan nawarmoebi saxelzmna ukve Jamis komponentsac
Seicavs: moslvaTai da momavali, orive ixmareba mermisis aRsaniSnavad :
moslvaTa. maT giTxra Tquen - momavali igi giTxras Tquen (i. 16, 13).
ra Tqma unda, drois komponentis amgvar gadaadgilebas zmnis subieqtidan
mimReobaze imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom Zv. qarTulSi aseve xSiria Sesityveba :
momavali Jami :
aRematos momavalTa JamTa. (gr. xanZT. cx.). vinaca aw
warmoTqmuli ese uwyebasa Sina sjulis-deba. ars momavalTa JamTa. (equs. dR. 25,
8). aha esera momaval ars Jami (wam. aTan.).
aq isic unda SevniSnoT, rom droiTi mniSvnelobis dakisreba moZraobis
komponentis Semcveli sityvisaTvis sxva enebisTvisac ar aris ucxo. Sdr.
rusulSi: Грясти-грянуть, идти, чествовать, подвигаться, близиться, приходить;
Грядущий – идущий, ближащий, наступающий и вообще будущий ( Даль 1956).
143
romlebic enis meSveobiT aRiwereba, iseTive mravalferovania da
usasrulo, rogorc
Cven garSemo arsebuli sinamdvile, romelic
yovelTvis ar eqvemdebareba logikur aRweras, da rom TiTqmis yovelTvis
SeiZleba daiZebnos iseTi konteqsti, romelSiac erTi SexedviT uazro
gamonaTqvami azriani xdeba.
aq kidev erT sakiTxze minda gavamaxvilo yuradReba. es aris
enobrivi alRos cneba, romelic ukve vaxseneT kolokaciuri SezRudvebis
Sesaxeb saubrisas. rogor SeiZleba am cnebis definicia? guram ramiSvils
mocemuli aqvs enobrivi alRos (Sprachgefühl) gansazRvris cda
(Ramischwili 1979, 290).
Cveni azriT, enobrivi alRo SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc
semantikuri kompetencia, romelic Tavs iCens swored Sesityvebebis
gaanalizebis dros, bevr SemTxvevaSi Sesityvebis wevrebis semantikuri
analizi gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas avxsnaT is enobrivi Secdomebi,
romlebsac zogjer mxolod enobrivi alRos wyalobiT vgrZnobT.7
aq gvinda moviyvanoT erTi magaliTi, romelic Sesityvebis
semantikis analizs exeba da aRebulia ara enaTmecnieris, aramed poetis
naSromidan, da poetis enobrivi alRos naTel ilustracias warmoadgens.
saqme exeba marina cvetaevas werils `poeti kritikis Sesaxeb~, romelSic
avtori aanalizebs gamonaTqvams `kadnierad-Camwydari xmiT~ (Цветаева
1979). cvetaeva gamoyofs am gamonaTqvamis Semadgenel wevrTa semantikur
komponentebs da asabuTebs maT urTierTSeusabamobas. is wers: `pirveli,
rac vigrZeni _ Seusabamoba! CaxleCili (Camwydari, Cawyvetili) xma aris
raRac uneblie da ara ganzraxuli. kadniereba ki nebelobis aqtia.
sityvebis kadnierad da Camwydari damakavSirebeli tire _ kadniers
gadaaqcevs Camwydaris msazRvrelad, e. i. iwvevs kiTxvas, saxeldobr:
rogor Camwydari? da ara: risgan Camwydari? SeiZleba Tu ara xma
kadnierad Cawydes? ara! kadnierebisagan _ diax! SevcvaloT kadnierad
sityviT Tavxedurad. gavimeoroT cda. pasuxi igivea: Tavxedobisagan _
diax! Tavxedurad _ ara. imitom rom Tavxedurad da kadnierad ganzrax
aris, aqtiuria, xolo Camwydari, CaxleCili xma uneburia, pasiuria.
(Camwydari xma, Cawyvetili guli _ erTi da igivea). gamodis, rom me
gangeb, ganzrax Caviwyvite xma. daskvna: araviTari logika da rom
7
cnobilia, rom sityvebis SecdomiT xmareba aiZulebs adamians CauRrmavdes maTi
mniSvnelobebis kvlevas. cifi sworad SeniSnavda, rom `ver gavigebT, ras niSnavs
sityva, sanam ar gavigebT mis SecdomiT xmarebas an xmarebisagan gadaxvevebs~
(Ziff 1962). Tu adamiani grZnobs azrobrivad mcdar gamonaTqvamebs, maSin mas
hqonia enobrivi alRo.
144
bolomde miviyvanoT: brazianad, nerviulad, sacodavad,
sasacilod _ yvelaferi varga, rac ar Seicavs winaswarganzraxulobas,
aqtiurobas. yvelaferi, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba xmis Cawyvetis pasiurobas.
kadnieri, CaxleCili _ diax, kadnierebisagan Camwydaric. kadnierad
Camwydari _ ara~.
es msjeloba gviCvenebs, rom avtors naTlad aqvs gacnobierebuli
is garemoeba, rom sintaqsuri wyvilis semantikur struqturaSi dauSvebelia kontrastuli komponentebis arseboba, moyvanili magaliTi gviCvenebs poetis enobriv alRos da mis unars Rrmad Caswvdes sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebs da moaxdinos maTi eqsplikacia. es magaliTi naTelyofs
imasac, rom sityvaTa mniSvnelobebi, maTi komponentebi SesityvebaSi ufro
TvalsaCinod gamoikveTeba. cxadia isic, Tu ra mWidro kavSiria komponentur analizsa da sityvaTvelebs Soris. rogorc ki sityvaSi kadnierad
Sesityvebis meoxebiT gamoiyo komponenti aqtiuroba, amas uSualod
mohyva am komponentis Semcvel sityvaTa CamoTvla. miviReT e. w. aqtiuri
veli: kadnieri, Tavxedi, Tamami. xolo meore mxriv, pasiuri: nerviulad,
sacodavad, sasacilod. e. i. mniSvnelobis komponentTa gamoyofas uSualod mohyva sityvebis dajgufeba sityvaTa velebad.
metyvelebaSi xSirad gvxvdeba iseTi Sesityvebebi, romelTa
azrobrivi Seusabamoba erTbaSad aRiqmeba, magram Wirs an SeuZlebelia
maTSi kontrastuli komponentebis gamoyofa. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
aseT SemTxvevebSi kolokaciur SezRudvebTan gvaqvs saqme. ucxo enis
Seswavla swored imitom aris rTuli, rom yoveli leqsikuri erTeulis
mniSvnelobis damaxsovrebis garda xSirad saWiroa misi kolokaciebis
daswavlac. amitom aris, rom, rodesac ucxoeli wers romelime enis
saxelmZRvanelos, magaliTebis moyvanisas
igi uSvebs iseT Secdomebs,
romelTa eqsplikacia mxolod gramatikuli
wesebiT ver xerxdeba.
magaliTebs moviyvanT qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebidan, romlebic
Sedgenilia ucxoeli avtorebis mier. magaliTad, `megrelebis da svanebis
gaRviveba~ (hiuiti 1995). qarTulSi gaRviveba SeiZleba cecxlis,
nakverCxlis, Teslis, Canasaxis, grZnobis, azris da ara adamianis. anda
`werilis dawera moulodnelia~ (aronsoni 1986) winadadeba ver
CaiTvleba semantikurad gamarTulad. SevecdebiT avxsnaT amis mizezi:
moulodneli qegl-Si asea ganmartebuli: rasac ar moelodnen, uecari.
xolo uecari ganmartebulia rogorc ucebi. aqedan moulodnelad _
uecrad, ucbad. werilis miReba SeiZleba iyos moulodneli, magram ara
misi dawera, radgan dawera ar gulisxmobs iseT moqmedebas, romlis
drosac erTi mdgomareoba erTbaSad icvleba meoriT, an raRac iseT
gakveTili
145
movlenas, romelic uceb SeiZleba daiwyos an damTavrdes. piriqiT,
dawera gulisxmobs droSi gagrZelebul process. moulodneli SeiZleba
iyos is, rac uceb, erTbaSad iwyeba, uecrad gadadis erTi mdgomareobidan
meoreSi. magaliTad, moulodneli SeiZleba iyos: yvirili, Weqa-quxili,
miwisZvra, afeTqeba, dartyma, gasrola, Tavdasxma, Seteva, marcxi, pasuxi,
stumroba, gadawyvetileba.
momavalSi albaT SesityvebaTa leqsikonis
Sedgena
mogvcems
saSualebas TvalnaTliv warmovadginoT qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebrivi kolokaciebis sia, rac saintereso iqneba ara mxolod
leqsikuri semantikis dargis specialistebisaTvis, aramed yvelasTvis,
vinc qarTuli enis SeswavliT Tu kvleviT aris dainteresebuli.
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Lia Abuladze
Componential analysis of meaning and syntagmatic lexical relations
Summary
Componential analysis is developed as a technique for analyzing the meaning
of words by breaking each concept into minimal features (markers or components).
But the consideration of isolated words has not proved to be successful and in
contemporary studies the scholars give a certain preference to the investigation of
phrase and sentence meaning. The least syntagmatic unit is a pair of words
(syntagma or collocation). We apply the componential analysis within this unit.
Any contradiction of the components of meaning in collocations will result into an
incompatible utteranse.
147
There are no absolutely free word-combinations in language. Lexemes vary
with respect to the freedom with which they can be combined in syntagmas with
other lexemes. Some words can be collocated with only one lexeme (such
examples are known from lexicography).
The knowledge of language presupposes correct usage of lexemes in
collocations. There are difficulties in studying foreign languages while except
studying the meanings of words, it's also necessary to remember their collocations.
Very often the scholars who write grammars for unnative languages use
incompatible word-combinations. We consider some examples in our article:
c’erilis dac’era moulodnelia "The writing of the letter is unexpected". We have
two pairs here: c’erilis dac’era "the writing of the letter" and dac’era moulodnelia
"The writing is unexpected". The words moulodneli, uecrad, uceb, ucbad,
anazdad "unexpected, suddenly" contain the component momentary,
instantaneous, whereas the meaning of the verb dac’era implies a prolonged
action, i.e. contains the component duration. The components momentary,
instantaneous excludes duration, i.e. the semantic structure of this wordcombination contains contradicting components +duration and +momentary (duration), which makes the syntagma incompatible. Sometimes it is very difficult
to explain the incompatibility of word-combinations in terms of components of
meaning, but every Georgian native speaker can notice their semantic oddness.
148
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
nikoloz oTinaSvili
Sida qarTlis Zveli toponimebi
istoriulad mxare ramdenime saTavadoSi iyo gaerTianebuli, magram
didi domenebi iyo qsnis saerisTavo da samaCablo. mWidrod iyo
dasaxlebuli qsnis, mejudis, lexuris, orive liaxvis xeoba. xeobebSi
gxvdeba leqsikur-toponimuri erTeulebi, romelTa aRnusxvas, wyaroebTan
Sejerebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. mxareSi zogierTi saxelwodeba
yalibdeboda aTaseuli wlis manZilze. erTni Cvens dromde SemorCnen,
zogi ki sul gaqra axali saxelwodebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. swored es
pirobebi
unda
iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli
toponimebis
kvlevisas.
geografiuli saxeli cocxlobs, icvleba formiT, SinaarsiT, zogjer ki
ukvalod qreba.
toponimi enis faqtia, romelSic airekleba eris Tavgadasavali. mis
leqsikur erTeulSi SesaZlebelia davinaxoT istoriuli movlenebis
kvali. toponimebSi aSkarad Cans enis SesaZleblobani diaqroniuli
aspeqtiT, sityvawarmoebis nairgvaroba sisxarte, moqniloba, dialeqturi
nairsaxeoba.
mxaris toponimebi ramdenime cnobili swavlulis naSromebSia
aRniSnuli, magram umTavresia XVIII
saukunis cnobili moRvaweebis
vaxuSti da ioane bagrationebis istoriul-geografiuli Txzulebebi.
vaxuSti bagrations Tavis ,,aRweraSi~ liaxvisa da qsnis xeobidan
aRwerili aqvs kulbiTi, snekvi, sacxenisi, cxinvali, geri, iTrafula,
fawa, erwo, msxlebi, tbeTi, dudeTi, qarCoxi, axalgori, wirqvaRi, boli,
axaldaba, WurTa, largvisi, xevebi, mdinareebi, cixe-monastrebi, magram
aseulobiT geografiuli punqti ar aqvs dasaxelebuli.
aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi savele muSaobis Sedegad, mTidan
migrirebuli mosaxleobis STamomavlebTan urTierTobam mogvca saSualeba
dagvedgina ramdenime toponimis lokalizacia, maTi etimologia,
romlebic qarTuli enis meSveobiT dgindeba.
sofeli damwvara mdebareobda didi liaxvis xeobaSi, sadac
qarTveloba saxlobda XVIII saukuneSi, rasac aRniSnavs mogzauri iohananton giuldenStedti. Aam adgilebSi iyo kiris sabadoebi, romelic
iwveboda da am sityvidan aris nawarmoebi toponimi. aqve axlos iyo da
dResac aris sofeli xwve, rac aseve wva sityvas ukavSirdeba.
149
sofeli abowminda mdebareobda didi liaxvis xeobaSi, mis marjvena
mxares. qarTuli dokumenturi wyaroebis mixedviT cxovrobdnen melaZeebi.
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi Tavadma baadur maCabelma isini Tavis
kuTvnul sofel ZlevisjvarSi Caasaxla. sofeli aRniSnulia vaxuSti
bagrationis rukaze. nasoflarSi dResac dgas bazilika. saxelwodeba
ukavSirdeba qristianobisaTvis wamebul wmida abos.
bocijvari, igive borcvis jvari, nasoflari, romlis mflobelebi
jer tbelebi, xolo Semdeg Tavadi TaqTaqiSvilebi iyvnen. Nnasoflari,
romelic cxinvalis dasavleTiT mdebareobs didi istoriuli warsuliT
gamoirCeva. borcvisjvaris asomTavruli warwerebi pirvelad varlam
Tofuriam waikiTxa da gamoaqveyna.
kolonkeTi, daba mejudis xeobaSi, romlebic dRevandel skvireTs
Seefardeba. XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi aq cxovrobdnen qarTveli
mTielebi: gengiurebi, eliaurebi, begiaSvilebi.
udabno mdebareobs cxinvalis aRmosavleTiT mTaSi da dResac am
saxels atarebs. Aadgilebi mTian-tyiani da kldovania. cxovrobdnen
esitaSvilebi. sityva etimologiurad `udaban~ _ dausaxlebels niSnavs.
wnuri, dRevandeli wunari, mdebareobs mdinareebis fronesa da
liaxvis auzebis wyalgamyofze. sofelSi dgas XII saukunis gumbaTovani
taZari. cxovrobdnen mWedliZeebi, romlebic sofel zemo niqozSi
gadasaxldnen.
fotrisi, nasoflari, romelic patara liaxvis marjvena Senakad
fotrisis wyalze mdebareobda. saxeli SemorCa mxolod xeobas.
dasaxelebulia vaxuSti da ioane bagrationebis TxzulebebSi. cxovrobdnen jirkvaliZeebi, romelTa nawili dRes jirkvaliSvilia.
vaxuSti ,,aRweraSi~ asaxelebs ,,fotris xevs~, rogorc ,,Rrmasa da
kldians~, marTlac xeoba Znelad savali adgilia. sityvis etimologia
unda ukavSirdebodes qarTlSi gavrcelebul ,,fotoro~ sityvas, romelic gadasavardn adgils ewodeba. sulxan-saba ,,fotoros~ xsnis,
rogorc ,,flates~, rac zemoT xsenebuli sityvis etimologiad unda
iqnes gaazrebuli.
qeSelTa mdebareobs didi liaxvis marjvena Senakad fawas saTaveSi,
gamoirCeva vrceli saZovrebiT. XVIII saukuneSi mxareSi cxovrobdnen
simoniSvilebi, romlebic mesisxleobis niadagze wamovidnen barad frones
xeobis sofel nulSi da gvarad miiRes _ JameraSvili, sityva ,,Jamuris~
mixedviT, sadac isini uwin saxlobdnen.
iTrafisi mdebareobs didi liaxvis xeobis marjvena mxares. igi
dasaxelebulia vaxuSti da ioane bagrationis ,,aRwerebSi~. axla
150
sofelSi ramdenime osuri ojaxia. XVIII saukuneSi aq cxovrobdnen
sulaSvilebi, romlebic barad sofel ruisSi gadasaxldnen, sofelSi ki
darCa sakulto Zegli, romlis mixedviT Zveli soflis lokalizacia
xerxdeba.
gufTa mdebareobs didi liaxvis xeobaSi. vaxuSti bagrationi Tavis
aRweraSi sofels asaxelebs da mis lokalizacias mdinaris marcxena
mxares iZleva, sadac aseve dangreul ,,nacixvars~ aRniSnavs. axla iq
mxolod nasoflaria. giuldenStedtis cnobiT meTvramete saukuneSi
sofelSi qarTveloba saxlobda, rogorc davadgineT tlaSaZeebi,
romlebic goris siaxloves sofel xidisTavSi gadasaxldnen.
elbaqeTi mdebareobda didi liaxvis xeobaSi mdinaris marjvena
mxares. sofels saxeli ewoda elbaqiZeebis gvaris mixedviT, romlebic iq
cxovrobdnen. Semdgom am gvaris xalxi cxinvalSi, sofel TamaraSenSi da
qurTaSi Casaxldnen, aseve qarelis raionSi, sadac daarses sofeli
elbaqiaanT kari. isini TaviaanT Tavs zogi raWvels, nawili dvals
uwodebs.
vaxuStis ,,aRweras~ darTuli soflebis siaSi saTixarsa da
kulbiTs Soris dasaxelebulia dicevi da mis rukazec am saxeliT aris
datanili. igi aRniSnavs: ,,am arbowmindis zeiT erTvis patara liaxvs
aRmosavleTidam meris xevi. am xevzed aRmosavleTiT ars orboZalas mTis
kalTasa zeda kulbiTis cixe~.1
ioane bagrationic saTixris Semdeg dicevs asaxelebs, rogorc
vaxuSti, isic dRevandel diseuras ,,meres~ mdinares uwodebs, sofel
mereSi
`mosaxlesac~ aRniSnavs. Cans, rom sofelma disevma da misma
saxelma droJams gauZlo sxvadasxva fonetikuri variantiT Sevida
saqarTvelos istoriaSi.
edemqalaqi dasaxlebulia vaxuSti da ioane bagrationebis SromebSi. sofeli mdebareobda patara liaxvis xeobaSi, mis marcxena
sanapiroze da axlandeli lokalizaciiT misi dadgena moxerxda. axla
iqauroba buCqnariT aris dafaruli, jer kidev Cans sakulto Zeglis
nangrevebi, romlis siaxloves cxovrobdnen beniamenisSvilebi. aRniSnuli
gvari gadasaxlda sofel beloTSi, radgan iq idga mZlavri cixe,
romelic lekianobisagan icavda mosaxleobas. gvari aRarc beloTSia
amJamad. igi Seerwya teraSvilebis gvars, romelTa erTma Stom axlac
icis Tavisi warmomavloba.
sofeli inauri, romelic amave dros gvarsac aRniSnavs, mdebareobda
xeobis zemo welze. sofeli fiqsirebuli ar aris saistorio wyaroebSi,
1
vaxuSti batoniSvili, saqarTvelos geografia II wigni, tf. 1895. gv. 023
151
igi datanilia vaxuSti bagrationis rukaze mxolod erTgan. meore
sofeli aRniSnulia mdinaris marjvena Senakad geriswyalis marcxena
mxares, rac uzustobaa. 1923 wels ivane javaxiSvilis redaqtorobiT
gamocemul saqarTvelos istoriul rukaze patara liaxvis marjvena
mxares cixesimagris samxreTiT daba-soflis niSniT aRniSnulia sofeli
inauri. sofels saxeli daerqva iq mcxovrebi inaurebis gvaris mixedviT,
romlebic jer sofel awrisxevSi Camosaxldnen mere ki soflis
dasavleTiT xeobaSi Seqmnes sofeli inauri. dRes es sofeli mdebareobs
im adgilidan orasiode metris moSorebiT, sadac is daaxloebiT erTi
saukunis win daarsda da amJamad iq mxolod ori komli cxovrobs.
nasoflari albiri mdebareobs bexuSes cixis marcxniv tyian mTaze.
nasoflari gozo mdebareobs mdinaris saTaveSi, yelis tbis ZirSi.
nasoflarebs didxevsa da Sanbians Camoudis mdinare liaxvis
marcxena Senakadi Sanbianis wyali. aqve aris didi cixe, romelic wyaroebSi ar aris moxseniebuli.
siaTa cnobili simagre yofila xeobaSi, romelic mdinaris marjvena
mxares mdebareobs tyian mTaze. aqve iyo sofeli.
dvaleTidan ori
saukunis winaT Camosaxlebuli sidamoniZeebi cxovrobdnen mTa-saZovar
,,katakaliaSi~, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qsnis erisTavebs
ekuTvnodaT. sidamoniZeebis sofels erqva `sidamonis jvari~ igive
`sidamoniaanT jvari~, aqve aris wminda giorgis eklesiis nangrevebi.
aqedan aRniSnuli gvaris xalxi gadasaxlda barad sofel elterSi,
vanaTSi, mere ki goris raionis sofel fxvenisSi.
xeobaSi, sofel awrisxevis samxreTiT aris nasaxlarebi, romelic
soflis erT-erTi ubani iyo da mas CuRreTi anu CuRureTi ewodeboda.
samecniero literaturaSi es sityva ganimarteba, rogorc ,,CaRrmavebuli
adgili~. amas aRniSnavs s. s. orbeliani. aseTi saxlwodebis sofeli aris
iranSi, fereidanSi da roca 1929 wels TbilisSi Camovida seifola
ioseliani, arnold Ciqobavam misgan Caiwera sofeli CuRureTic, rogorc
,,Cavardnili
adgili,
xevis
msgavsi~,
es
saxelwodeba
Zvelia
saqarTveloSi da Cvens magaliTzec amarTlebs Sinaarss.
xeobaSi bevri nasaxlaria da xSirad or-samkomlian dasaxlebebs
sofels uwodebdnen. sinamdvileSi isini gvarTa dasaxlebebi iyo da
romelime TemSi Sedioda. aseTi saxelwodebebi xeobaSi bevria da erTgvar
orientirebs warmoadgenen. amasTan gvxvdeba qvaTa grovebi, rogorc
nasoflarebis, ise soflebis siaxloves, oRond sofelSi ara. es grovebi
nasaxlaris STabeWdilebas tovebs, magram ase araa, isini romelime
damnaSavis Caqolvis Sedegadaa warmoSobili, romelic Temma aRasrula.
152
aseTi danaSauli ki SeiZleba yofiliyo Temis adaT-wesebidan gadaxveva,
qurdoba da sxva.
mdinaris marcxena mxares, mTeli xeobis Camoyolebaze sofel
dmenisamde ormocdaaTze meti cixe-koSkia da amdenive nasoflarnasaxlari. esenia: xaCiraanT kari, saTixari, snekvi, Warebi, faCuri,
lekoaani, rexa, xaduriaanT kari da sxvebi. sadac mTa-tyian masivebSi
darCenilia eulad mdgomi Cveni winaprebis naxelavebi. mxareSi gvxvdeba
bevri nasoflari, romelTa nawili dokumentebSia aRnusxuli. wyaroebSi
vxvdebiT iseT anTroponimebs, romelTa nawili TiTqmis aRar aris
xmarebaSi, magram maTi gamomzeureba saWiroa. igi saSualebas mogvcems
enis istoriis masalebi axali faqtebiT gavamdidroT.
literatura
vaxuSti batoniSvili, saqarTvelos geografia, II wigni, tf. 1895.
ioane batoniSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis aRwera, Tb. 1986.
masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisa da toponimikisaTvis
wigni, Tb. 1964.
s.s. orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. IV. 1965.
giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1964.
I
Nikoloz Otinashvili
Old Toponyms of Inner Kartli
Summary
Place-names have been formed in the area under study over thousands of
years. A place-name is changed as to its form and semantics, sometimes it
disappears completely. Toponyms are a fact of the language, in which the story of a
nation is reflected. In documents a number of toponyms are named, the
considerable part of which has disappeared, but their reconstruction – localization
and etymology is a very urgent matter at present. Some examples of village sites
and their localization are offered.
153
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
sociolingvistika
marine jaRiaSvili
axalgazrduli Jargonis semantika da fsiqologiuri
funqcia
naSromis
mizania
Jargonis
da
misi
erT-erTi
formis,
axalgazrduli Jargonis kvleva. Jargonis Tema badebs bevr kiTxvas,
romlebzec pasuxi nawilobriv TviT Jargonis bunebaSi unda veZioT. ra
aris Jargoni, sad, rogor da ratom warmoiSoba igi, rogoria misi
semantika da raSi gamoixateba misi fsiqologiuri funqcia, enis leqsikasTan mimarTebaSi ra wili ukavia Jargonul sityvebs da gamoTqmebs,
romeli kategoriis sityvebs anacvlebs xalxuri metyveleba Jargonuli
gamoTqmebiT, rogoria Jargonis `sicocxlisunarianoba~ da uqmnis Tu ara
igi safrTxes saliteraturo enas – winamdebare naSromi aris qarTuli
enis magaliTze am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mcdeloba.
kvlevis meTodad gamoyenebulia rogorc Jargonis leqsikonis da
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis analizi, aseve gamokiTxva, romelic Catarda
Tsu studentebis ormocdaaTkacian jgufze.
Jargoni aris franguli sityva (jargon) da igi ganimarteba, rogorc
araswori,
damaxinjebuli
metyveleba,
romelic
damaxasiaTebelia
romelime
sazogadoebrivi
jgufisaTvis.
inglisur
enaSi
imave
mniSvnelobis matarebelia slengi (slang). es movlena ganixileba, rogorc
saxalxo enis ganStoeba, magram misgan gansxvavdeba specifikuri
sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT, romlebsac dialeqtisagan gansxvavebiT ar
gaaCniaT sakuTari gramatikuli wyoba da ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi.
Jargonis erT-erT ganStoebas, qurdul Jargons, frangulad argos enas
uwodeben (TezeliSvili 2005).
Jargoni, anu slengi aris Taviseburi lingvisturi movlena.
adamianebs, im jgufebSi, romlebSic igi gamoiyeneba, erTmaneTTan
akavSirebT raime saqmianoba, magaliTad: armiaSi samsaxuri, turizmi,
koleqcioneroba da a. S.
Jargonis gamovlenis erT-erTi formaa axalgazrduli Jargoni,
romelsac gamoiyeneben daaxloebiT erTi asakis adamianebi. am adamianebs,
pirvel rigSi, marTalia asaki aerTianebT, magram Tu davakvirdebiT,
SevniSnavT, rom isini saqmianobis formebiTac emsgavsebian erTmaneTs. am
jgufs Seadgenen daaxloebiT 14-dan 25 wlamde axalgazrdebi, ZiriTadad
154
moswavleebi, studentebi, dasaqmebuli da dausaqmebeli axalgazrda
adamianebi.
Jargoni warmoiSoba da funqcionirebs ZiriTadad qalaqebSi da
qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi, xolo soflad is SedarebiT iSviaTi
movlenaa. vfiqrobT, rom es SemTxveveiTi araa da mis fsiqologiur
funqciaze migvaniSnebs. es gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT
qalaquri da sofluri yofis garemos da am garemoSi komunikaciuri
procesebis Taviseburebas: sofluri garemo gamoirCeva bunebasTan
adamianis meti siaxloviT, rac warmoadgens emociuri gawonasworebis
mniSvnelovan pirobas, am garemoSi komunikaciuri kavSiri nakleb intensiuria qalaqTan SedarebiT da aseve iSviaTia koleqtiuri gaerTianebebi,
anu adamianTa jgufebi, romlebsac raRac erTi saqmianoba akavSirebT;
SedarebiT naklebia jgufuri TavSeyris SemTxvevebic. vfiqrobT, yovelive
zemoT CamoTvlili ar qmnis noyier niadags Jargonis warmoSobisaTvis
zogierTi avtori Jargons ganixilavs, rogorc `Tavisebur sazogadoebriv garTobas, enobriv TamaSs, romelic efuZneba enobrivi eqspresiulobis princips (Ciqobava 1986), am TvalsazrisiT Jargoni gansxvavdeba rogorc enaSi gamoyenebuli SedarebiT ueqspresio sityvebisagan,
aseve eqspresiuli, magram arasaliteraturo, yoveldRiuri, mdabiuri
leqsikisagan da vulgaruli, eqspresiuli salanZRavi sityvebisagan,
romelTa gamoyenebis sixSire kuTxur metyvelebaSi JargonTan SedarebiT
ufro xSiria.
Tsu studentTa ormocdaaTkacian jgufze Catarebulma gamokiTxvam,
romelic exeboda maT mier gamoyenebul Jargonebs da gamoyenebis
motivebs, aseve qarTuli Jargonis leqsikonis da qarTuli enis
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis erTi nawilis SedarebiTma analizma gviCvena
Semdegi suraTi:
enis leqsikis maragTan mimarTebaSi qarTul Jargons ukavia
umniSvnelo wili: Jargonis leqsikonSi aRnusxulia 1000-ze meti sityva
da gamoTqma, rac Seadgens qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi mocemul sityvaTa raodenobis (daaxloebiT 113 aTasi) 1%-s.
Jargonuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis da maTi paradigmebis
(sxvadasxva formebis da saxecvlilebebis) saerTo raodenoba, romlebsac
axalgazrdebi gamoiyenebn, erT aseuls aRemateba da, amrigad, mTeli
Jargonis 10%-ze metia.
qarTul Jargonul gamoTqmebSi gvxvdeba arabuli, sparsuli,
ebrauli leqsikidan nawarmoebi sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, magaliTad
ebraulidan nawarmoebia: Tomari (laparaki, saubari), tobe (kargi) to
155
(savaraudod nawarmoebia tobe-dan), baiTi (patara saxli), naSa (gogo,
Seyvarebuli), ganabi (qurdi), simoni (ebrauli saxeli, niSnavs gamgons),
goimi (ebraulad niSnavs sxva sarwmunoebis aRmsarebels, araebraels),
Toxli (saWmeli, pur-marili, qeifi), daiada (ebrauli sityva `iad~
niSnavs `xels~); sparsulidan nawarmoebia: Sarafi (Rvino), qoTi (SfoTi,
Rrianceli), Taza (axali), iSkilebi (motyueba, gaiZveroba); arabuli
sityvidan `qeifi~ nawarmoebia Jargoni `kaifi~.
zemoT CamoTvlil enebSi es sityvebi ar warmoadgenen Jargons,
rogorc Cans, isini SemorCnen qarTul enas da SeiZines Jargonis funqcia.
dReisaTvis qarTul JargonSi yvelaze metia rusuli sityvebisagan
nawarmoebi an rusuli Jargonidan gadmotanili sityvebi. isini Seadgenen
qarTuli Jargonis 20%-ze mets: aqedan 10% aris rusuli qurduli
Jargoni, anu argo, xolo 90% nawarmoebia rusuli sityvebidan an
rusuli Jargonidan qarTuli sityvaTwarmoebis wesiT, magaliTad:
`dagruzva~ (nu damgruze, nu mgruzav, dagruzuli var) _ xasiaTi, `magar
vidzea~ _ kargad gamoiyureba, `riJa bazari~ _ tyuilebis laparaki,
`abaroti auRo~ _ samagiero gadauxado, `perexvati gaukeTa~ _ waarTva,
waglija, daaswro da gamostaca, `gatrupa~ _ mokla, `daizmenda~ _
daeWvda, SeSinda, .`gaiasneba~ _ saqmis garCeva, garkveva, `Casastaveba~ _
damegobreba, jgufSi Sesvla da a. S.
axalgazrduli Jargoni aris Jargonis yvelaze ufro aqtiuri
nawili, igi iseve, rogorc saerTod Jargoni, ar gamoirCeva aRsaniSnis
mravalferovnebiT; sixSiris mixedviT aRsaniSni warmodgenilia Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT: zmna, zedsarTavi da arsebiTi saxeli. zmna ufro xSirad
gamoyenebulia warsuli da momavali drois formebiT, awmyo droSi
zogierTi Jargoni saerTod ar gamoiyeneba: `daiTria~ da ara `iTrevs~,
`moixa~ da ara `ixeva~, `daglija~ da Zalian iSviaTad `glijavs~,
`Casastavda~ da ara `sastavdeba~ da a.S.
sagnis aRmniSvnel JargonSi ar SeiniSneba aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels
Soris raodenobrivi Tanafardobis darRveva: ramdenicaa aRmniSvneli,
imdenivea aRsaniSnic; Tanafardoba darRveulia sagnis Tvisebis aRmniSvnel
JargonebSi: erTi aRmniSvneli miesadageba ramdenime aRsaniSns da amasTan
erTad Tavisi mniSvnelobiT aris ufro meti, vidre yvela im aRsaniSnTa
erTianoba, romlebsac igi gulisxmobs, magaliTad: `rqiani~ niSnavs
CamorCenil, xalxSi gamousvlel, ugunur da agresiul adamians.
`CamSvebi~ _ dambezRebeli, damsmeni, enis mimtani. `Cazmanuli~ _
Zvirfasad, modurad Cacmuli. `Sebertyili~ _ eSmaki, cbieri, gaqnili
adamiani. `mimwoli~ _ mizanswrafuli, Tavxedi. `goimi~ _ gamousvleli,
156
xepre, gauTleli, sofleli. am JargonebSi erT aRmniSvnels ramdenime
aRsaniSni miesadageba, isini ZiriTadad sinonimebia, umeteswilad peiratiuli mniSvnelobisaa da iSviaTad aRZraven dadebiT emociebs.
zogjer arsebiTi saxeli Jargonul gamoTqmaSi gamoyenebuli
zedsarTavis rolSi, magaliTad: `pingvini~ _ gulubryvilo, advilad
mosatyuebeli, `Citi~ _ advilad mosatyuebeli, gulubryvilo, `qliavi~
_ Steri, `Skafi~ _ didi tanis adamiani, `jixvi~ _ gamousvleli,
CamorCenili da a. S.
Jargonuli sityvebi zogjer efuZneba enis leqsemebs, Tumca,
adgili aqvs maT metaforul gadatanas, romlis safuZvelia ara imdenad
TviT sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, aramed is asociaciebi,
romelTac amyarebs mosaubre axali aRsaniSnisa da sityvis pirvandeli
mniSvnelobis funqciaTa Soris. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT ramdenime magaliTs, romlebic gviCveneben, Tu ratom da rogor gadaiqceva leqsikaSi
arsebuli saliteraturo sityva Jargonad.
qarTul JargonSi sityva `ZaRli~ niSnavs policias. am Jargonis
warmoSobis safuZvelia is asociaciebi, romlebic daamyara adamianma
ZaRlis da policiis funqciebs Soris: ZaRli – `oTxfexa Sinauri
cxoveli, mglis modgmis, romelsac iyeneben sanadirod, an qonebis
dasacavad~ _ ase ganimarteba sityva `ZaRli~. Jargonad mis gamoyenebas
xels uwyobs ara marto dacvis funqcia, romliTac igi policiasTan
asociaciebs iwvevs, aramed is moqmedebebi, romelsac axorcielabs ZaRli
dacvis funqciis Sesrulebisas: ZaRli Sehyefs yvelas, vinc patronis
nebarTvis gareSe Semodis teritoriaze, drodadro igi Semoirbens
dasacav teritorias. ZaRlebs zogierT SemTxvevaSi axasiaTebT jgufuri
Tavdacva da Tavdasxma. yovelive es iwvevs policiis funqciis da
qcevebis asocirebas ZaRlTan da am asociaciaSi mdgomareobs is
fsiqologiuri meqanizmi, romelic gansazRvravs sityva `ZaRlis~
gamoyenebas `policiis~ mniSvnelobiT.
agaraki – dasasvenebeli adgili qalaqgareT. savaraudod, agarakze
uSromlad da nakleb aqtiurad yofnis msgavsebis asociacia sasjelmisjilis yofasTan iqca am sityvis Jargonad gamoyenebis safuZvlad.
`agaraki~ anu cixe, sapatimro, kolonia, sadac adamiani Tavisufalia
sistematuri SromiTi saqmianobisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobisa da movaleobisagan.
157
wamali – garkveuli wasiT damzadebuli samkurnalo saSualeba. igi
Jargonul gamoTqmaSi niSnavs narkotiks. am SemTxvevaSic wamlis da
narkotikis gamoyenebis gzebs Soris msgavsebis asociacia da maT Soris
funqciaTa msgavsebis asociacia aris is fsiqologiuri meqanizmi, romlis
Sedegad sityva `wamali~ gamoyenebulia narkotikis mniSvnelobiT.
qaji – avi suli, eSmaki; gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT `qajuri~ niSnavs
ukuRmarTs da gaugebars. Jargonuli gamoTqmis, `qajis~ mniSvneloba
asocirebulia leqsema `qajuria~ mniSvnelobasTan – ukuRmarTi da
gaugebari anu igive Seugnebeli. Seugnebeli – ucodinari, ucodinari –
umecari, umecari – briyvi, briyvi – xepre. Jargoni `qaji~ amrigad
anacvlebs ramdenime sityvas, romelTa mniSvnelobebi asocirebulia
`qajuria~ mniSvnelobasTan.
uberavs – leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT qaris qrolvas niSnavs. qarTul
xalxur metyvelebaSi aris aseTi gamoTqma: `qari uqris~, rac niSnavs: ar
dabrZenebula, ar daWkvianebula, Wkuanaklebia an sulelia. Jargonuli
sityva `uberavs~ moicavs yvela CamoTvlil mniSvnelobas: gamoTqma `xom
ar uberav~ niSnavs `xom ar gasuleldi. `uberavs~ Jargonis enaze zogjer
niSnavs aseve qeifs, alkoholiani sasmelis moxmarebas, romlis niadagze
adamianis mier sakuTari qcevebis kontrolis unari qveiTdeba da
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT igi normis farglebidan gamodis.
avardna – leqsikuri mniSvnelobaa: `swrafi, Zlieri da erTbaSi
moqmedeba zeviT mimarTuli.~ Jargonuli gamoTqma `avarda~ niSnavs uceb
Zlieri emociebiT datvirTvas, Zlier gabrazebas, an gaxarebas, advilad
motyuebas da grZnobis ayolas. rodesac fsiqologia aRwers emociebs,
xazs usvavs, rom emociebi xasiaTdebian dinamiuri momentiT, emociebiT
Sepyrobili adamiani iswrafvis moqmedebisaken, es moqmedebebi ki aris
swrafi, Zlieri da erTbaSi (naTaZe 1997). amrigad, Jargon `avarda~-s
mniSvnelobaSi asaxulia misi Tavdapirveli leqsikuri mniSvnelobis
emociuri aspeqti.
gatexa – am sityvas gaaCnia mravali pirdapiri da gadataniTi
leqsikuri mniSvneloba: pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT igi aRniSnavs moqmedebas,
magram Tu am moqmedebas kargad gaviazrebT, mivxvdebiT, rom misi Sedegi
aris raRaca mTlianis da erTianis daSla da danawevreba, mTlianobis
darRveva, rasac umetes SemTxvevaSi Tan sdevs uaryofiTi emociebi. Cvens
158
konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi gadataniTi mniSvnelobebi;
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: `saxelis gatexa – Sercxvena,
sircxvilSi Cagdeba, gulis gatexa – imedis, rwmenis dakargva~ (ZiZiguri
1965). Jargonuli gamoTqmebi `texavs~, `mitydeba~, `gatexa~, aRniSnaven
da gamoxataven uaryofiT emociebs da guneba-ganwyobas. Tavisi SinaarsiT
isini moicaven yvela zemoT CamoTvlil leqsikur mniSvnelobas. Tumca,
imis mixedviT, Tu ra situaciaSi gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba romelime
mniSvnelobas meti datvirTva hqondes. magaliTad: `texavs~ zogjer
niSnavs: merideba, mrcxvenia, usiamovnoa, meuxerxuleba, xolo xandaxan
gamoTqma `texavs~ niSnavs: sawyenia, guldasawyvetia, gulgasatexia.
daTreva – qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT
`daiTrevs~ sityvis mniSvnelobaa raRacis Tavisken da TavisTvis TreviT
waReba, magaliTad, amboben: `katam Zexvi daiTria~. Jargonuli gamoTqma
`daviTrie~ aseve niSnavs, rom adamianma TavisTvis moipova raRac, iseve
rogorc katam Zexvi – dro ixelTa, gamoiCina saTanado moxerxeba da
Zalisxmeva. imas, rac dasaTrevia, advilad da nebiT aravin iZleva.
mowvela – leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT igi niSnavs xelis CamosmiT
rZis gamoclas, magram Tu rZis gamoclis moqmedebas davakvirdebiT,
SevniSnavT, rom igi ar gulisxmobs erTxelobriv xelis Camosmas, aramed,
es aris procesi, romelic grZeldeba manam, vidre mTlianad ar
Camoicleba rZe. Jargonuli gamoTqma `mowvela~ Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
asaxavs am process, radgan, igi gulisxmobs adamianisTvis nebayoflobiT
an motyuebiT materialuri sikeTis mravaljer gamorTmevas.
axeva – `saxeli `aaxevs~ zmnis moqmedebisa _ agleja~, rac niSnavs
aaclis ise, rom gaixes qsovili, an qaRaldi. rogorc vxedavT, es ar
aris nazi da faqizi moqmedeba, igi gulisxmobs uxeS, Zalismier qmedebas,
romlis Sedegad irRveva mTlianoba da misi Tavdapirveli forma. swored
moqmedebis es Taviseburebaa asaxuli Jargonul gamoTqmaSi `saxes avaxev~,
iseve rogorc `avaxie~ _ niSnavs avacale, wavarTvi, movpare. am SemTxvevaSic aSkaraa kavSiri sityvis Tavdapirvel leqsikur mniSvnelobasTan.
tvini – organo, romelTanac adamianSi dakavSirebulia umaRlesi
donis fsiqikuri procesebi – mexsiereba, azrovneba da inteleqti. am
sityvisaganaa qarTuli sityvaTwarmoebis wesiT nawarmoebi Jargoni
`motvina~, rac niSnavs: moisazra, mixvda, gaigo, tvini aamuSava.
159
mxeci – leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT igi aris `gareuli mtacebeli
cxoveli,
nadiri~.
adamianisaTvis
igi
asocirdeba
ZlierebasTan,
instiqtebis Zlier da SeuboWav gamovlenasTan. Sesabamisad, Jargonuli
gamoTqma `davamxece~ niSnavs: Zlier kargad gavige, Zlier kargad
viswavle da aviTvise.
dacema – mas gaaCnia ramdenime leqsikuri mniSvneloba, maTgan
Jargonuli gamoTqmis `daveci~-s warmoSoba savaraudod gansazRvra misma
pirvelma leqsikurma mniSvnelobam, romlis mixedviT igi aris: `saxeli
dascems, daecema zmnaTa moqmedebisa~ (ZiZiguri 1965).
ra asociaciebia am SemTxvevaSi damyarebuli sityva `dacemis~
leqsikur mniSvnelobasa da Jargonul mniSvnelobas Soris? Jargoni
`daveci~ aRniSnavs Zlier mowonebas, aRfrTovanebas.
aseTi Zlieri gancdebi fsiqologiaSi aRwerilia rogorc afeqtebi,
romlis erT-erTi formaa asTenikuri afeqti. asTenikuri afeqtis
gancdisas adamians SeiZleba daemarTos gulyra da daeces. es moqmedeba
SeiZleba gamoiwvios rogorc Zlierma uaryofiTma, aseve dadebiTma
emociebma (naTaZe 1997). rogorc Cans, Zlieri gancdebisagan gamowveuli
sxeulebrivi uZlureba asocirda sityvasTan `dacema~, ris safuZvelzec
warmoiSva Jargoni `daveci~ (daeca, vecemi, davecemi).
gaZroba – leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT igi aris `saxeli gaaZrobs,
gaiZrobs zmnaTa moqmedebisa~ (ZiZiguri 1965). Tumca, leqsikuri mniSvneloba am moqmedebaze bevrs arafers gveubneba, fsiqologiurad am mniSvnelobaSi igulisxmeba, rom moqmedeba aris swrafi da mas mohyveba raRacis
gamoCena. qarTulSi ixmareba gamoTqmebi: `xmali gaiZro~, `tansacmeli
gaiZro~. es moqmedeba gulisxmobs imis swraf gaclas da gaSorebas, rac
faravs raRac sxva sagans da moulodnelad imis gamoCenas, rac sxva sagnisagan dafarulia, aqedan, Jargonuli gamoTqma `gaeZro~ _ moulodnelad
gamoCnda, aRmoCnda, gaCnda. bevri aseTi magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT.
ganxiluli magaliTebi gviCveneben, Tu rogor warmoiSoba leqsikaSi
arsebuli sityvebisagan Jargonebi, JargonTa umetesobaSi aSkaraa misi
kavSiri leqsikasTan: TavsarTebisa da bolosarTebis, pirisa da ricxvis
niSnebis darTvis wesebiTa da a. S.
zogjer qarTuli an ucxouri sityvisTvis sruliad sxva Sinaarsis
miniWebis gziT leqsikuri mniSvneloba gardaiqmneba axal mniSvnelobad:
160
acrili – mokluli, axurebs – saqmes aWirvebs, cudad iqceva, ajaxa –
saTqmeli pirSi miaxala, aweuli – moparuli, gaartya – SemTxveviT
gamoicno, gafarCakeba – abuCad agdeba, gaqanebuli – Tavgamodebuli,
modRlezili – didi tanis, moaketina – gaaCuma, moixa – wavida, mosves
– mSralze datoves, araferi argunes, moCanTa, moCoTqa da sxva.
qarTul JargonSi aris sityvebi, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba qarTul
an sxva romelime enis (arabuli, sparsuli, Turquli, ebrauli, rusuli)
saliteraturo an Jargonul leqsikas. iseTi Jargonebi, rogoricaa:
Cmori, tasaoba, wakla, biTuri, dauToxmaxa, xipiSi, xoxma, ambali, axvari,
Radaoba, gaCmaxeba, zmani, banZi, faxi audo, aCmaxebs, gaaWra, gaitrita,
gaiCiTa, gakvaWa, gauCaliCa, geCe, gimeli, gorsala, daamayuTa, daaCmora,
daTira, daqera, eWoWeba, TiSi, trinjuli, kokmazurad, mayuTbazi, miacmoacobs, moyomareba, reka, siabandi, tasaoba, upragonod, Radaoba,
Seupritina, Camserda, Cemanala, waamsera, wepa, wiwkvi, xixo, xoxma, xia da
sxva. maTgan nawarmoebi formebi Jargonis arcTu mcire nawils Seadgenen,
axalgazrdul JargonTan mimarTebiT daaxloebiT 50%-s, xolo saerTod
JargonTan mimarTebaSi daaxloebiT 10%-s. isini interess iwveven, radgan
maTi warmoSobis saidumlo albaT zogadad enis warmoSobis saidumlos
ukavSirdeba. erTi ram ki naTelia: maT Caanacvles enis leqsikaSi
arsebuli sityvebi an sityvaTa sinonimuri jgufebi, vinaidan ukeT
gamoxates sagnis an movlenis arsi.
bunebrivia es sityvebi Tu xelovnuri? S. ZiZiguri
ganixilavs
sityvaTwarmoqmnis sakiTxs: `aris erTi kategoria sityvebisa, romelTa
aRmoceneba zustad SeiZleba ganisazRvros, esaa xelovnurad Seqmnili
sityvebi, romelTa gamomuSaveba, Cveulebriv, miewereba romelime mecniers
an mwerals, aseTebi msoflio enebSi TiTze daiTvleba, imdenad SezRudulia sityvis gamogonebis, sityvis xelovnurad Seqmnis SesaZlebloba~
(ZiZiguri 1965).
avtors mohyavs magaliTebi aseTi xelovnurad Seqmnili sityvebisa:
gazi – gamoigona holandielma qimikosma, liliputi – gamoigona jonaTan
sviftma `guliveris mogzaurobaSi~, roboti – Cexma mweralma karel
Capekma. magram ramdenad SeiZleba fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT am
sityvebs, iseve, rogorc Jargons, xelovnuri vuwodoT? mas Semdeg rac
bgeraTa kompleqsi iwyebs sityvis funqciis Sesrulebas, es ki moxdeba,
roca igi adamianis mier moxmarebuli, gamoyenebuli iqneba komunikaciis
procesSi mravaljeradad _ is iseTive bunebrivi xdeba, rogorc sxva
danarCeni. Tu moviSveliebT akademikos r. naTaZis gamoTqmas _
161
`gamWvirvale~ da mis miRma Cven vxedavT mniSvnelobas, Sinaarss, sagans,
es aris signifikaciis funqcia, romelsac sityva asrulebs (naTaZe 1997).
Jargonuli gamoTqmebis eqspresiulobas bevri avtori usvams xazs,
Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ara mxolod es funqciaa gaZlierebuli
Jargonis gamoyenebisas, aramed gaZlierebulia metyvelebis danarCeni
funqciebic, rogoricaa komunikacia da signifikacia, magaliTad: sityva
`Cmori~-s xmarebisas Cven zustad da sxartad aRvwerT adamianis
garkveul tips, xolo Cveni msmeneli aseve zustad warmoidgens mas:
dabriyvebuli, uxeiro, bedovlaTi, agdebuli, jabani, Rirsebaayrili
adamiani. im wreSi, sadac JargoniT laparakoben, amjobineben azris ukeT,
zustad da swrafad gadasacemad komunikaciisas gamoiyenon ara iseTi
gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa: uxeiro, jabani da bedovlaTi, aramed, mokled
uTxran: `es kaci Cmoria~, vinaidan es erTi sityva moicavs yvela
CamoTvlil mniSvnelobas.
garda imisa, rom Jargonuli sityvebis da gamoTqmebis fsiqologiuri funqcia aris metyvelebaSi maTi gamoyenebiT metyvelebis yvela
funqciis (komunikacia, signifikacia, eqspresia) gaZliereba – Jargonis
warmoSoba da gamoyeneba sxva fsiqologiur funqciasac asrulebs:
Jargoni warmoiSoba da funqcionirebs SedarebiT viwro socilur
garemoSi, axalgazrdul wreebSi, amiT axalgazrdoba Tavis Tavs gamoyofs
adamianTa sxva asakobrivi jgufebisagan.
Jargonuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi maTTvis im patara `saidumlos~
funqcias asrulebs, romelic zedmiwevniT mxolod axalgazrdebma ician
da surT mxolod maT icodnen da isini iyenebdnen. imave sityvebis
gamoyeneba sxva asakisa da wris adamianis mimarT, an maT mier aRqmuli
iqneba, rogorc araadekvaturi, rbilad rom vTqvaT sasacilo qceva an
uzrdeloba.
Jargonuli sityvebis gamoyeneba aucilebeli xdeba socialur
jgufSi TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis. Tu axalgazrda Tavisi leqsikis maragidan
amoiRebs aseT sityvebs da gamoTqmebs, mas gauWirdeba sistematuri
urTierToba maTTan, romlebic informacias erTmaneTs Jargonuli
sityvebiT gadascemen.
Jargoni
axalgazrdul
socialur
garemoSi
socializaciis
procesis xelSemwyobia, Jargons axalgazrdebi iTviseben socialuri
garemos gavleniT da iyeneben am garemoSi Tavis damkvidrebisaTvis.
Jargonis gamoyeneba imisi maniSnebelicaa, rom adamianebi, romlebmac igi
komunikaciaSi gamoiyenes, erTmaneTTan axlo urTierTobaSi arian.
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eqspresiulobis safuZvelze Jargoni emociuri daZabulobisagan
gantvirTvis funqciasac asrulebs, misi gamoyeneba aris axalgazrdebis
mier protestis gamoxatvis erT-erTi formac metyvelebis saSualebiT
yvelafer imis mimarT, rac standartulia, erTxel da samudamod
dadgenilia, yvelasTvis misaRebi da Cveulebrivia. TiTqos da amiT isini
gadalaxaven enasa da metyvelebaSi dadgenil CarCoebs da eziarebian enis
qmnadobis process.
Znelia ar daeTanxmo zogierTi mkvlevris Tvalsazriss imis
Taobaze, rom `rac ufro xSiria adamianis Sexeba, urTierToba sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxaresTan, miT ufro metad diferencirdeba es
sinamdvile enaSi~ (sck 1970). Tu am kuTxiT ganvixilavT axalgazrdul
Jargons, maSin mivxvdebiT misi warmoSobis kidev erT fsiqologiur
meqanizms: axalgazrduli asaki gamoirCeva garemos garkveuli mxareebis,
adamianis xasiaTis Tvisebebisa da adamianuri urTierTobebis mimarT
gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobelobiT. gamokvlevebi aCveneben, rom: mozardebs
da axalgazrda adamianebs 20-25 wlamde aqvT nevrotizmis maRali, da
keTilganwyobis da Segnebulobis SedarebiT dabali done, vidre 30 wels
gadacilebul adamianebs; axalgazrda asakSi aRiniSneba maRali donis
kritikuloba da momTxovneloba sazogadoebisa da misi TiToeuli wevris
mimarT, SedarebiT dabalia maTi keTilganwyoba da keTilsindisiereba,
aseve naklebia maTi pasuxismgebloba. isini bevr dros uTmoben saubars
da aqtiurad arian CarTuli urTierTobebSi. siyrme da axalgazrdoba _
es aris daukmayofileblobis, SfoTvis, gatacebebisa da protestebis
asaki.
zemoT CamoTvlil aspeqtebSi: fizikuri garemo, adamianuri
Tvisebebi da adamianuri urTierTobebi axalgazrdul asakSi, asakobrivi
fsiqologiidan gamomdinare, meti gamZafrebiTa da ufro metad
diferencirebulad aRiqmeba da ganicdeba vidre sxva asakSi. magram is,
rac aRqmaSi diferencirda, aseve unda aisaxos enaSi da radgan ena da
metyveleba SedarebiT myari warmonaqmnia, Jargonuli gamoTqmebi leqsikis
cvlilebis sxva formebTan erTad epoqisa da drois, aseve asakis
Seasabamisad aRqmaSi momxdari cvlilebebis enasa da metyvelebaSi asaxvis
mcdelobad SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.
Cven mier gamokiTxul studentTa 50 kaciani jgufis monacemebi
Jargonis gamoyenebis motivis SexamebiT srulad adasturebs Tvalsazriss
imis Taobaze, rom axalgazrduli Jargoni asrulebs axalgazrduli
TvaliT danaxuli sinamdvilis ufro zustad gamoxatvis, socialuri
163
adaptaciis, TviTdamkvidrebis da emociuri eqspresiis funqciebs.
moviyvanT ramdenime nimuSs maTi gamonaTqvamebidan:
`Jargons viyeneb, imitom rom mexsierebidan misi amotana swrafad
xdeba; xSirad zustad jdeba konteqstSi da mkafiod gamoxatavs azrs,
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom Jargons mxolod Cems TanatolebTan saubarSi
viyeneb, magram ojaxTan da leqtorebTan urTierTobisas isini leqsikonidan amoRebulia~;
`Jargonebs naklebad vxmarob, rasac vxmarob, imitom, rom isini
TiTqos ufro zustad da gasagebad gamoxataven saTqmels, sxvebic albaT
amitom xmaroben da kidev imitom, rom iyvnen e. w. `gamosulebi~, TanamedroveobisTvis misaRebi~;
`Cemi azriT, am da bevr ucenzuro sityvebsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iyeneben rogorc gogonebi, aseve biWebi imitom, rom gamoxaton
sakuTari Tavi. amiT gamoixateba Tavisuflebis xarisxi~;
`Jargonis xmareba uadvilebs axalgazrdebs mokled, mcire formebiT gamoTqvan TavianTi azrebi, Tan amas Tanamedroveobas miaweren~
`Cven am Jargonebs viyenebT imitom, rom `gviswordeba~, kidev
imitom, rom `palaJenia davamyaroT~, da `sastavSi~ ar `mivfarCakdeT~.
Jargonebi `magar cvetSia~.
ramdenad sicocxlisunariania Jargoni? savaraudod igi SenarCundeba ramdenime TaobaSi, Semdeg ki maTi xmarebis sixSire klebulobs
da TandaTan qreba, gamodis moxmarebidan. magaliTad: aToxla, tobe,
simon, eSxebis triali, Taza, kowia – es Jargonuli gamoTqmebi
dReisaTvis iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, iseve rogorc dReisaTvis gamoyenebuli
Jargonebis raRac nawili wina TaobebisaTvis ucxoa.
Jargoni Taobidan TaobaSi icvlis, an SeiZens axal mniSvnelobas,
magaliTad: `Tomari~ momdinareobs ebraulidan da niSnavs laparaks,
saubars, Tumca, am bolo dros axalgazrdul JargonSi man miiRo
flirtis mniSvneloba, xelebis faTuris CaTvliT. an rusuli Jargonidan
nawarmoebi `ponti~, romelic rusul qurdul enaze niSnavs adamianTa
Tavyrilobas, jgufs, qarTul JargonSi Tavidan damkvidrda tyuilis,
blefis mniSvnelobiT, am bolo dros ki man SeiZina araqurduli anu
`fraeruli~ mniSvneloba da gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT `ambavi~ an
`situacia~ (magari pontia, ra pontia?) `daalivcera~ _ dainaxa, Tvali
mohkra momdinareobs rusuli qurduli Jargonidan da niSnavs
qedmaRlurad yurebas, ironiuli mzeriT SeTvalierebas. es niuansi man
dakarga qarTul JargonSi da ixmareba mniSvnelobiT: Tvali mohkra,
SeniSna.
164
uqmnis Tu ara Jargoni enis leqsikas da saliteraturo enas raime
safrTxes – es Znelad savaraudoa, radgan isini enis leqsikasTan
mimarTebaSi isevea, rogorc wveTi zRvaSi. es sakiTxi SeZleba exmianebodes `enis ekologiis~ sakiTxs, rogorc amas uwodebs a. arabuli.
igi miiCnevs, rom mSobliur enaSi ucxo enidan Semoyrili sityvebi
arRvevs enis `ekosistemas~, Tumca: `male, faqtobrivad erT an or
TaobaSi, xdeba Segueba axal realobasTan rogorc yofiTi, aseve enobrivi
konvenciis TvalsazrisiT. metic, xdeba `ekosistemaSi~ SeWrili axali
elementebis swrafi adaptacia mimRebi enis sistematur kanonebTan, TviT
enobriv fsiqologiasTan~ (arabuli 2004). `swraf adaptaciasa da enobriv fsiqologiasTan~ mimarTebaSi savsebiT SeiZleba gaviziaroT igive
azri, roca saqme Jargons exeba, magram, ramdenad abinZurebs Jargoni enis
`ekologias~, es sadavo sakiTxad migvaCnia; miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Jargoni gansxvavdeba vulgaruli eqspresiuli sityvebisagan.
magaliTad: `roskipi~ da `bozi~ JargonSi Senacvlebulia sityviT
`wakla~, romelsac vulgarulobis bevrad dabali xarisxi gaaCnia. Tumca,
didma rusTavelma mefis dis pirovnebis dasaxatad swored es sityvebi
gamoiyena: `roskipo, bozo diaco, saqmro rad momakvlevine?!~
xSiria Jargonis gamoyeneba Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi. es
gasagebicaa, radgan Tu mwerals surs zustad da realurad aRweros esa
Tu is socialuri wre da fena, rac SeiZleba kargad dagvixatos
pirovneba, igi amas yvelaze ukeT gmiris metyvelebis meoxebiT SeZlebs.
fsiqologiaSi aravin daobs imis Taobaze, rom adamianis pirovneba
mniSvnelovanwilad gamoixateba mis metyvelebaSi. `qarTuli Jargonis
leqsikonSi~ sailustracio wyarod gamoyenebulia 64 qarTveli mwerlis
da uamravi Jurnal-gazeTis magaliTi, rac am Tvalsazriss adasturebs.
SesaZlebelia Jargonis gamoyenebis sixSire icvlebodes imis
mixedviT, Tu rogor mdgomareobaSi imyofeba rogorc TiToeuli
individi, aseve mTeli sazogadoeba. am mdgomareobaSi igulisxmeba
agresiuloba, depresiuloba, eiforia, SiSi, sixaruli da a. S.
aseT SemTxvevaSi izrdeba emociaTa eqspresiis moTxovnileba,
Jargoni ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, misi dakmayofilebis erT-erTi advili
saSualebaa. marTalia am Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad kvleva aravis
uwarmoebia, magram emociaTa fsiqologiaSi arsebobs eqsperimentuli
kvlevebi, romlebic adastureben, rom guneba-ganwyoba gavlenas axdens
metyvelebaze. am kvlevis Tanaxmad: `sevdiani adamianebi TavianT metyvelebaSi ufro Tavazianebi arian~ (gerigi, zimbardo 2004). cxovrebiseuli eqsperimenti ki gviCvenebs, rom Zlieri uaryifiTi emociebiT
165
Sebyrobili adamianebi mimarTaven ara marto Jargons, aramed ufro
xSirad ucenzuro da salanZRav sityvebs, anu verbalur agresias.
cxadia, Jargoni ar warmoadgens Tvazian da `darbaislur~ sityvas,
romelzec wuxda i. WavWavaZe, rodesac werda: `m i i r T v i c rom
giTxra, am karg darbaislur sityvas, Tu moindomeb, cudad CamomarTmev,
Tu nametnavad zogierTi kacis gulis garyvnilebaSi Senc wili Cagidvia.
S e m o b r Z a n d i rom giTxra, xom kai sityvaa, eg Cemzed hkidia,
sawyenad miviRo Tu salxenad. ai aq, `hkidia~ vixmare da Senc aTasjer
xmarob, magram vSiSob, rom mag sityvas erTma briyvma vinmem Tavisis
wamxdaris da garyvnilis gonebis azri ar miaweros~.
ilias azriT, Tu adamianSi sityvis pativiscema daikargeba, es imis
niSania, rom adamians `Tavisi sulierebis saxli, anu `taZari~
dautovebia~. SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT did ilias: binZursityvaoba
ara mxolod gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aris sulierebis saxlis
datovebis niSani, aramed pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac, radgan igi
fsiqologiasa da fsiqiatriaSi aRiarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT
fsiqikuri darRvevis erT-erTi niSania. vtovebT Tu ara Cvens `sulier
saxls~ Jargonis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi? vfiqrobT, rom ara, radgan
Jargoni ar aris vulgaruli ena. rogorc zemoTac mivuTiTebdiT, TviT
sityva `mkidia~, Tu mas Cven movixmarT rogorc Jargons da mas vinme
Tavis `wamxdar da garyvnil azrs ar miawers~, niSnavs: `CemTvis sul
erTia, ar mainteresebs, ar mawuxebs, ar madardebs~.
Cven ver vikamaTebT imaze, Jargoni abinZurebs, safrTxes uqmnis enas
Tu sityvis qmnadobis cocxal laboratorias warmoadgens, radgan am
naSromis mizania – vikvlioT qarTuli ena mis yvela gamovlinebaSi.
literatura
arabuli 2004 _ arabuli a., garemo da enis ekologia, logosi,
Tb.
2004.
bregaZe 2005 _ bregaZe l., qarTuli Jargonis leqsikoni. Tb. 2005.
Гериг , Зимбардо 2004 _ Гериг Р., Зимбардо Ф., Психология и жизнь,
2004 .
TezeliSvili 2005 _ TezeliSvili b., ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb.
2005.
naTaZe 1977 _ naTaZe r., zogadi fsiqologia, Tb. 1977.
Серебряков Б. А., Социальная дифференциация языка, М. 1976.
sck 1970 _ Социально-Лингвистические исследования, М. 1970.
166
Ciqobava 1986 _ Ciqobava arn., qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb.
1986.
ZiZiguri 1965 _ ZiZiguri S., ena da literatura, Tb. 1965.
ilia 1985 _ WavWavaZe ilia, Txzulebani, ^Tb. 1985.
Marine Jaghiashvili
Semantics and Psychological Function of Youth Jargon
Summary
The article deals with the semantics and psychological function of slang and
one of its manifestations – youth cant. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of
the Slang Dictionary and the Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language has
been applied as the method, as well as a poll of the TSU group made up of 50
students.
The research clarifies that:
1. Slangy words and expressions make approximately 1% of the Georgian
vocabulary. About more than 10% of this amount is youth cant.
2. The Georgian slang is derived in several ways: by the modification of slang
or lexemes used in a foreign language according to the Georgian wordformation, by using Georgian words to refer metaphorically to new denotata
and on the basis of coining totally new sound complexes.
3. According to frequency, slang words are expressions substitute primarily
words expressing actions (verbs), words denoting the qualities of things
(adjectives) and words denoting things (nouns).
4. The function of slang is: the expression of emotions, intensification of
speech functions, winning a foothold in a social group, self-expression and
adaptation with a social group.
167
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
teqstis lingvistika
rusudan enuqiZe
SesaZlebelia Tu ara diskursis nawilobrivi
formalizacia mxatvrul teqstSi?
diskursze msjelobisas diskursis im gansazRvrebas veyrdnobiT,
romelic diskurss ganixilavs rogorc teqstis aqtualizaciis process.
es procesi anu dialogi avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris realizebulia
rogorc mkiTxvelis mier avtoris gzavnilis rekonstruqciis mcdeloba.
arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba teqstisa da diskursis mimarTebebTan
dakavSirebiT: zogi mkvlevari teqsts Tvlis avtoris gzavnilad,
diskurss ki _ teqstis interpretaciad; sxvebi fiqroben, rom teqsti
mxolod avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris dialogis Sedegia da misi
arseboba process warmoadgens. teqstisadmi mimarTebis sxvadasxva
mosazrebis miuxedavad, mainc SeiZleba gamoiyos mniSvnelobebis is sfero,
romelic TiToeul maTgans axasiaTebs. p. verdonki Tvlis, rom is
formaluri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic kodirebulia teqstis enaSi da
amasTanave damoukidebelia mwerlis Tu mkiTxvelis konteqstisagan,
semantikis sferoa, xolo diskursis ena, romelic gamoiyeneba Sesabamis
konteqstSi teqstis dekodirebisaTvis _ pragmatikis sferoa. pragmatikuli mniSvneloba ar aris semantikuri mniSvnelobis alternativa, aramed
misi damatebaa, komplementarulia, radgan igi gamoiyvaneba semantikuri
mniSvnelobis konteqstTan urTierTqmedebiT (verdonki 2006, 19).
teqstis
lingvistikis
da
lingvostilistikis
mkvlevarTa
umravlesobas miaCnia, rom diskursis formalizacia iseve, rogorc sxva
supraverbaluri kategoriebisa (mag., mxatvruli xatis), SeuZlebelia.
magram, verbalur doneze uTuod unda arsebobdes iseTi elementebi, is
lingvisturi signalebi, romlebic xels uwyobs an stimuls iZleva
diskursis CamoyalibebisaTvis. ufro zustad, diskursi asociaciuri
donis fenomenia, magram mis warmoSobas reprezentul anu verbalur
doneze raRac safuZveli unda hqondes.
am safuZvlis arsebobis
mixedviT SesaZlebelia mweralTa dayofa sapirispiro niSnebiT, xolo am
dayofis kriteriumad raodenobrivi an Tvisebrivi msazRvreli SeiZleba
iqnes miCneuli:
1. mwerlebi an `sityvauxvni~
arian da mkiTxvels naklebad sWirdeba
`siRrmiseuli wvdomani~ teqstis adekvaturi gagebisaTvis (dikensi) an,
168
`sityvaZunwni~ arian, maTi naTqvami implikaciebiTaa datvirTuli da SesaZleblobas iZleva nairgvari, xSirad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebisaTvis (heminguei). ra Tqma unda, arsebobs am raodenobrivi niSniT
dajgufebul mweralTa Soris `Sualeduri~ avtorebic (golsuorTi).
2. diskursis marealizebeli verbaluri donis erTeulebis `Tvisebrivi~
niSniT gamoyofa, Cemi azriT, stilisturi Seferilobis mqone enobriv
elementebs unda Seexos. am mosazrebis konkretul sailustracio
magaliTs lusil peini iZleva 1969 wels gamocemul wignSi "The Lively
Art of Writing". ra Tqma unda, aq diskursis xsenebac ar aris, amis
dasturi wignis gamocemis welia. wignis avtori rCevis saxiT sTavazobs
sakuTari werilobiTi stilis daxvewis msurvelebs, ar gamoiyenon
vnebiTi gvaris formebi, aamoqmedon subieqti. misTvis miuRebelia
TxzulebaSi an mxatvrul teqstSi Semdegi saxis winadadebebis gamoyeneba:
"Thunder was heard in the mountains", an: "Everybody heard thunder in the
mountains"; avtori gvirCevs – "Don't let passive voice steal your thunder",
"Don't let it steal even the smallest sound. Sound is a sign of life and movement"
(peini 1969, 98-99),
gamoiyeneT is audio-aqtiuri zmnebi, romlebic
qmnian xmas: "Thunder growled in the mountains".
kidev ufro damajereblad JRers l. peinis mier erTi situaciis
gradaciuli warmodgena da am gradaciis yovel momdevno safexurze
zmnisaTvis `voltaJis~ momateba. winadadebebSi: "The car was driven down
Main Street", "The car went down Main Street" zmnebi dabali voltaJisaa.
avtoris rCevaa: "Make your reader see the car – The car careened down Main
Street" (Tumca am SemTxvevaSi ar SemiZlia daveTanxmo q-n peins zmna "to
careen"-is audio-aqtiur zmnad gamocxadebaSi; igi vizualurad aqtiuri
zmnaa da ara audio-aqtiuri). zmna "to careen"-is gamoyenebiT manqana ufro
fokusirebuli xdeba – "It is no longer merely 'going' down Main Street; it is
lurching crazily from side to side".
"The car jolted down Main Street _ a different picture and new information
(either the car has a flat or Main Street needs a new paving job)".
"The car rattled down Main Street. Or purred. Or steamed. Or whispered. (if
the car rattles, it's old and ramshackle and probably ready to fall apart, if it purrs,
it is probably new and quite expensive, if it whispers, it is very expensive indeed
– a Rolls Royce, perhaps gleaming black, with a uniformed chauffeur in the front
and a rich old lady in the back. She has come into town to buy fresh liver for her
cat" (es ukanaskneli Zalian mdidari warmosaxvis mqone mkiTxvelis
diskursia).
cxadia, gansxvavebuli Tezaurusis mqone mkiTxvelebi erTi da imave
sametyvelo situaciis gansxvavebul dekodirebas moaxdenen. magram erTi
169
ram naTelia: rac ufro `aqtiuria~ zmna, miT ufro cocxalia suraTi,
romelsac is aRwers da miT ufro `aRizianebs~ mkiTxvelis warmosaxvis
unars.
anu Tanamedrove lingvisturi terminologia rom gamoviyenoT,
diskursis perspeqtivas verbalur doneze es aqtiuri zmnebi ganapirobeben. verbalur doneze realizebuli zmna semantikuri mniSvnelobis
matarebelia, igive zmna avtoris an mkiTxvelis diskursSi (romlebic
uTuod xSirad ar emTxveva erTmaneTs) pragmatikuli mniSvnelobisaa.
mxatvruli teqstis lingvostilisturi analizis dros mkiTxvelis
diskursis (anu miseuli interpretaciis) pirdapir mimarTebas `audioaqtiur~, ufro zustad, `aqtiuri~ zmnebis sxvdasxva saxeobasTan,
araerTxel SevxvedrivarT. amis magaliTia q. mensfildis moTxroba "The
Wind Blows", romelsac erT-erTma kritikosma `qaris Temaze dawerili
musikaluri variaciebi~ uwoda. yovel qarTvels qaris xsenebaze
galaktionis leqsi agondeba, romelic onomatopoeteuri JReradobis
brwyinvale nimuSia. inglisur enaSi es ver moxerxdeboda, radgan qarsa
da mis pirdapir aqtivobas – qrolvas Soris ar arsebobs bgeriTi
msgavseba. q. mensfildi sxva xerxs iyenebs – qaris qrolviT gamowveul
procesebs aRwers swored audio-aqtiuri zmnebis gamoyenebiT. magram, am
moTxrobaSi asaxuli xdomilebebis gansxvavebulobis gamo zmnebis audioaqtiuroba sakmarisi araa. is, rasac qari `sCadis~, moTxrobaSi gadmocemulia garda audio-aqtiurisa, vizualurad-aqtiuri da grZnobadaqtiuri zmnebiT. maSasadame, l.'peinis mier aRweril audio-aqtiur zmnebs
SeiZleba vizualurad-aqtiuri da grZnobad-aqtiuri zmnebic daematos.
aqtiuri zmnebis mravalferovneba kidev ufro cocxals qmnis qaris
suraTs misi sxvadasxva kuTxiT, Tu sxvadasxva SegrZnebiT aRweris gamo.
q. mensfildis moTxrobaSi aqtualizebulia Semdegi saxis `aqtiuri~
zmnebi:
a) audio-aqtiuri zmnebi: It is the wind rattling the windows, banging a
piece of iron on the roof… The cars rattle by…There is a loud roaring
sound from the trees in the garden… She can hear the sea sob…
b) vizualurad-aqtiuri zmnebi: Leaves flutter past the window, up and
away; down in the avenue a whole newspaper wags in the air like a lost kite…
Their (two Chinamen's) pigtails and blouses fly out in the wind…
My best little Teneriffe-work teacloth is simply in ribbons…
Her skirt flies up above her waist… All the trees and bushes beat about
her… In waves, in clouds, in big round whirls the dust comes stinging…
All the poor little pahutukawas on the esplanade are bent to the ground…
g) grZnobad-aqtiuri zmnebi: It is the wind shaking the house, making her
bed tremble. The dust comes stinging, and with it little bits of straw
170
and chaff and manure…
The wind is so strong that they have to fight
their way through…
qaris Temaze dawerili variaciebis Sesaxeb aq arafers vityviT,
Tumca saTqmeli aqac bevria. es variaciebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, mikroTemebs
warmoadgenen da siuJetur Txrobas kinematografiuli kadrebis cvliT
axorcieleben: qari – danaxuli, gagonili da gancdili; qaris SegrZneba
quCaSi. Semdeg kontrastis principic xorcieldeba da qari musikis
maswavleblis sastumro oTaxis miRma rCeba da am oTaxis simyudrovis
aRwerac ar axSobs qariT gamowveul usiamovnebas – albaT mkiTxveli ase
aRiqvams am suraTs (SesaZloa, ase ar aRiqvams... mxedvelobaSi myavs is
mkiTxveli, romelsac sapirispiro damokidebuleba aqvs qaris mimarT).
yovelive zemoTqmuliT SevecadeT gadmogveca mosazreba, rom diskursis
realizebis erT-erT safuZvels mxatvrul teqstSi `maRali voltaJis~
(l. peinis termini gaxlavT) mqone zmnebis arsebobac gansazRvravs.
arn. benetis moTxrobaSi "The Wind" Zalze eqspresiuli asaxvaa
qarisa. pirvelive abzacSi aRwerilia qaris qrolvis ukidegano sivrce
qviSisa, zRvisa da cisa: "The vast stretch of lion-coloured sands; the vaster
stretch of tumbling grey sea; the still vaster stretch of disordered grey-inky clouds
which passed endlessly at a great rate from west to east across the firmament, the
wind…" Semdegi paragrafi qaris xangrZlivobas
(The wind had been
blowing hard for days) da mis siZlieres (It varied in strength from a stiffish
breeze to half a gale) asaxavs.
momdevno paragrafSi ki misi `mtruli
damokidebulebaa~ aRwerili – "As soon as you arrived over the ridge of
shingle on the beach, it assaulted you… There was no peace from it,,, The wind
had never ceased… The instant you moved even a foot away from the shelter it
assaulted you again with new power, and continued incessantly to assault you…"
mTeli Txroba namyo drois gramatikuli formebiTaa gadmocemuli.
vfiqrob, interesmoklebuli ar iqneba im faqtis aRniSvna, rom q. mensfildis mTeli moTxroba Present Indefinite-iTaa gadmocemuli, da mxolod
pirveli abzacis bolo winadadebaSia Present Continuous-I gamoyenebuli –
"Mother is talking to grandmother in the hall". es winadadeba mTlianad aris
amovardnili konteqstidan – mTeli paragrafi qaris aRweras eZRvneba.
Zalauneburad Cndeba kiTxva – es Present Continuous-is forma xom ar
aRniSnavs am gramatikuli drois formis teqstobriv Tvisebas –
daafiqsiros raRac gansxvavebuli, rac ar aris logikur kavSirSi imave
abzacis mikroTemasTan? (es Tviseba enobrivi sistemis doneze Present
Continuous-s ar gaaCnia).
arn. benetis moTxrobaSi realizebuli sityva "to assault" iseTi
datvirTvis mqonea, rom SesaZloa qaris ZiriTad `maxasiaTebladac~
171
CaiTvalos da mkiTxvelmac diskursis struqturireba am sityviT daiwyos
(SeiZleba arc daiwyos!...).
yovelive zemoTqmuli diskursis verbalur safuZvels exeboda
mxatvrul teqstSi. magram aqve minda SevniSno, rom `yvelafris Tqma~
aramxatvrul teqstSi imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom avtorsa da mkiTxvels
Soris dialogi monologur xasiaTs atarebs, interpretaciaTa raodenoba
minimumamde (xSirad 1-mde) daiyvaneba – avtorisa da mkiTxvelis diskursi
erTmaneTs emTxveva.
aramxatvrul teqstSi `yvelafris Tqmas~, Cemi
azriT, is datvirTvac aqvs, rom avtors SiSi aqvs (SesaZloa
qvecnobierad), rom mkiTxveli misi teqstis gagebas ver moaxerxebs –
misi mizani ki swored isaa, rom mkiTxvelma misi naazrevi adekvaturad
gaigos. amitom, rac ar unda mxatvrulad JRerdes metaforis samosSi
gaxveuli aramxatvruli teqsti, avtori yovelTvis (TiTqmis yovelTvis)
cdilobs mkiTxvels misi naazrevi adekvaturad gaagebinos da metaforebis dekodirebas TviTon axdens teqstSi. amis brwyinvale magaliTia
aSS me-18 prezidentis ulise grantis Canaweri sikvdilamde ramdenime
dRiT adre (yelis kibos gamo saSineli tkivilebi hqonda): "I do not sleep
though I sometimes doze a little. If up I am talked to and in my efforts to answer
cause pain. The fact is I think I am a verb instead of a personal pronoun. A verb is
anything that signifies to be; to do; or to suffer. I signify all three" (sebeoki
1986, 2).
winamdebare werilis daskvnis saxiT albad filosofosi Ppirsis
naTqvami gamodgeba: "The word or sign which man uses is the man himself.
Every thought is a sign, taken in conjunction with the fact that the life is a train of
thought, proves the man is a sign… my language is the sum total of myself; for
man is the thought" (sebeoki 1986, 2). adamianis raobis gaxsnisaTvis, misi
naazrevis wvdomisaTvis es naazrevi verbalurad unda iqnes realizebuli.
amitom, pirsis
"Man is the thought" SesaZleblad mimaCnia transformirebul iqnes Semdegnairad: "Man is the discourse".
literatura
verdonki 2006 _ Verdonk P., Stylistics, Oxford 2006.
Modern English Short Stories, Moscow 1963.
peini 1969 _ Payne L., The Lively Art of Writing, New York and
Scarborough Ontario 1969.
sebeoki 1986 _ Sebeok Th.A., I Think I Am a Verb (More Contributions to the
Doctrine of Signs), New York and London 1986.
172
Rusudan Enukidze
Is Partial Formalization of Discourse Possible in Fiction?
A great majority of linguists consider that formalization of discourse is
impossible as it belongs to the system of supraverbal (i. e. associative) categories.
But, at the verbal level there should exist linguistic units (verbal signals) that
contribute to the realization of discourse.
Interrelation of text and discourse and their functional loading can be defined
as follows: those formal meanings that are coded in the language of text belong to
the sphere of Semantics, whereas the language of discourse that is used to decode
text is the sphere of Pragmatics.
The paper deals with cases of actualization of those linguistic units that form
the basis for further interpretation of a piece of fiction (i.e. for the formation of the
reader's discourse).
Often "eloquent" authors themselves decode what has been encoded in the
text and, discourses of the writer and the reader coincide (Dickens). "Laconic"
writers'
fiction is burdened with implications that give rise to various
interpretations and, hence, to various discourses (Hemingway).
Qualitative signals of discourse-realization are mostly stylistically coloured.
To this group of discourse-realizing elements belong "high-voltaged" words that
include audio-active, visually-active and sensually-active verbs. "The more active
the verb, the more vivid the picture it creates. The more vivid the picture, the more
it teases imagination" (L. Payne), that generally results in discourse.
173
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
filologia/teqstologia
hainc fenrixi
SeniSvna nekresis warwerebisaTvis
didi saxeli moixveWa levan WilaSvilma arqeologiuri gaTxrebiTa
da Zveli qarTuli warwerebis aRmoCeniT. nekresSi man ipova warwerebi,
romlebic 2004 wels wignad gamoaqveyna (WilaSvili 2004).
am warwerebis umravlesobas axasiaTebs ramdenime mniSvnelovani
Tavisebureba:
1. warwerebi mrglovaniTaa Sesrulebuli, Tanac amoRaruli damwerlobaa da ara reliefuri.
zogi warweris asoebis moxazuloba ZvelisZveli Cans, etyoba
urbnisisa da bolnisis eklesiebis warwerebze ufro Zveli. magaliTad,
aso `doni~ zogierT warweraSi zemoT Riaa da mas ar aqvs
horizontaluri xazi. Taviseburadaa dawerili aso `Tani~: is zemoT Riaa
datovebuli. aso `oni~ ramdenime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli niSniTaa
warmodgenili (1. wminda wre, 2. wminda oTxkuTxedi, 3. arasruli
wrisebri gamosaxuleba, marjvena mxares qvemoT xazi Sewyvetilia),
bilabialuri U, albaT, ori wriTaa dawerili. aso `ani~ gvxvdeba
ramdenime ucnaurad `brtylad~ Sesrulebuli niSnis saxiT. aso `xani~
iseTi formiTaa mocemuli, romelic mrglovan damwerlobaSi unikaluria.
formaluri (paleografiuli) TvalsazrisiT nekresis warwerebs
axlavs Zalze arqauli ieri. Tanac nekresis merve warweraSi iseTi
niSania mocemuli, romelzedac l. WilaSvili wers: `aseTi moyvanilobis
aso-niSani qarTulma damwerlobam ar icis. mxolod erTi SemTxvevaa
CemTvis cnobili, isic nekresidan, IV saukunis bazilikis erTi kramitis
natexzea SemorCenili~(WilaSvili 2004, 58).
174
2. enobbrivi Tval
lsazrisiTac
c es warwer
rebi Zveliaa, xanmetobiis tips
uTvnis, rac
c naTlad Cans meSviide warwer
ridan, sadaac bolos weria:
eku
nummcavin xrevvs `aravin gaanadguros
g
s /daangrio
os/ gaafuWos~.
nekkresis meSvi
vide warwer
ra
3. Sinaaarsis mixed
dviT rom vimsjeloT,, TvalSi sacemia
s
is faqti,
om nekresiss warwerebS
Si ver vipo
oviT qrist
tianul leeqsikas, ase uxvad
ro
ro
om gvxvdeba V-X sauku
uneebis war
rwerebSi (u
ufalo, iesu
u, qriste, juari,
RmerTi, RmrT
TismSobeli, eklesia, saydari, krebuli,
k
locva
l
Y, co
odvili,
wmid
daY,
sul
li
da
Horcni,
kurTxeuli,
cxorebaY,
episkopposi,
tianuli warwerebis
w
bolos
Seiiwyale/SegOwyale, sammebaY da a. S.). qrist
SeCCveuli var
rT Segvxvd
des aseTi formulebii, rogoric
caa `amÉn/ammen~ da
`iyyavn, iyavn~ anda Seiwyale/momiHseeneY/xuloc
cos~, im dr
ros roca neekresis
war
rwerebi Tavvdeba ufro
o akrZalviss an TiTqmis wyevlis formulebiiT.
cxadia, aseTi sainntereso waarwerebis swor
s
wakiT
Txvas mniSvvneloba
aqvvs Sinaarsiis gagebisa,, qarTuli warwerebiis sistemaS
Si moTavsebbisa da
bolos daskvnnebis gamoyvvanisaTvis.
175
nekresiss meaTe war
rweras, safl
lavis warw
weras, l. WiilaSvili ase
a
kiT
Txulobs (W
WilaSvili 2004, 26-2
27):
`ese saflavi
s
noS
Sisi da bavvasi numcaviis Hele(wi))febis. Ci~
avtori samarTliannad yuradR
Rebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom es
war
rwera str
ruqturulaad hgavs meSvide waarweras, sadac analogiuri
fo
ormula weria: `numcavin xrevss~. da kidev erTi garemoeba
g
S
SeniSna,
sax
xeldobr, rom
r
teqstiis bolo sityva
s
`Hel
lewifebis~ TiTqos mo
oiTxovs
gannvrcobas, magram aseTii ganvrcoba ar Cans.
lewifebis~ naklebadaaa savaraudo
o. jer
Cveni azriT, wakkiTxva `Hel
erTi, mexuTee striqoniis bolo dazianebuli
d
ia da ver vityviT, Tu ra
eweera im adgilas danaamdvilebiT.. im zmnas, romelsac
c l. Wil
laSvili
gu
ulisxmobs, wesiT und
da hqonoda sxva for
rma: Hel-x-e-wif-eb-i-ss, e. i.
xannmetis und
da yofiliyyo. magram cxadad Canns, rom `l
l~ asos Seemdgomi
gr
rafema `xanii~ ar ariis, aramed raime sxva: e, rasac
c l. Wil
laSvili
kiT
Txulobs, an g, v, h,
h l an msgavsi
m
aso
oa. aqedan gamomdinare, egeb
sxvvanairad unda
u
Seivso
os es adggili: `Hel
leb ... feebis~ anda `Helgew
wifebis~. Sinaarss
S
`Hel-yofa~ zmnis erT--erTi formma yvelaze ufro
gammoadgeboda.
nekkresis meaTe
Te warwera
siZneleebs qmnis aggreTve nekr
resis merve warweris wakiTxva.
l. WilaSvilii mas Semdeegnairad kiT
Txulobs:
1. vi ... e avan
2. isi daa num
3. cavin wa ... e
4. rTvis
`vi ... e avvanisi da nu
umcavin wa ... erTvis~
176
nekresis merve warwera
ueWvelad am warweraSic saqme gvaqvs iseTi akrZalvis an muqaris
formulasTan rogoric meSvide da meaTe warwerebSi. oRond am warweris
wakiTxva da aqedan gamomdinare misi gageba garTulebulia. amis Sesaxeb
l. WilaSvili wers: `mesame striqonis merve, mecxre da meaTe niSnebi
gadmocemulia wrexazebiT, amasTanave merves centrSi wertili zis.
aRniSnuli niSnebis gaSifvra ver xerxdeba~ (WilaSvili 2004, 44) da
Semdeg _ `warweris paleografiuli mxare metad ucnauria, daskvnis
gakeTeba Wirs. an iseTi adamianis naweria, romelsac ver gamohyavs asoebi,
an imdenad arqauli teqstia, rom aso-niSanTa formebi jer kidev
Camoyalibebuli ar aris. aq figurirebs wriuli formis aso centrSi
wertiliT, romlis msgavsi Zvelma qarTulma damwerlobam ar icis~
(WilaSvili 2004, 45).
sxva adgilas l. WilaSvili erTxel kidev ubrundeba am `ucnaur~
warweras: `paleografiuli suraTidan amovardnilia #8 warwera, romlis
Sesaxebac Tavis adgilze SeniSnuli mqonda, rom misi wakiTxva srulad
ver moxerxda pirveli striqonis ligaturis gamo, romelSic sami
ucnobi moxazulobis asoa Casmuli. ucodinari Semsruleblis mizeziT
Tua, rom `doni~ Tavgaxsnilia da zeda horizontaluri xazi ar gaaCnia.
ufro dasafiqrebelia mesame striqonis merve grafema _ wrexazi centrSi
wertiliT. aseTi moyvanilobis aso-niSani qarTulma damwerlobam ar
icis. mxolod erTi SemTxvevaa CemTvis cnobili, isic nekresidan, IV s-is
bazilikis erTi kramitis natexzea SemorCenili~ (WilaSvili, 2004, 58.)
Tavis wignSi l. WilaSvilma Tavi Seikava da `wa...erTvis~ zmnuri
formis Sua nawili `ucnobi niSnebis~ gamo ar waikiTxa. 2003 wlis
zafxulSi CemTan saubarSi ki gamoTqva varaudi, rom egeb es forma
SeiZleba waikiTxos rogorc `wagverTvis~, Tumca erTdroulad xazi
gausva, ar vicio.
zmnis es forma l. WilaSvilis mixedviT iwyeba `wa-~ zmniswiniT.
zmniswinis aseTi forma am droisaTvis sakmaod ucnaurad meCveneba.
mosalodneli iqneboda misi sruli forma `war-~. magram im adgilas ver
vkiTxulobT `war-~s, radganac `rae~-s moxazuloba cnobilia da `ani~
asos ar mosdevs `r~. amis gamo TiTqos gamoricxulia wakiTxva `wa-~.
177
meore eWvic SeiZleba SevitanoT: zmnis formis pirvel asos
l. WilaSvili xsnis rogorc `wils~. oRond w formis niSani adrindel
warwerebSi sxvanairad gamoiyureba. etyoba, saqme gvaqvs ufro `xani~
bgeris arqaul niSanTan (romelic iqneb pirveli striqonis boloSic
weria?). Tu zmnis formaSi `x~-s vkiTxulobT, romelsac mosdevs `a~,
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aqac xanmetis formaa mocemuli (Sdr. xrevs
forma meSvide warweraSi), romelic am adgilas mosalodnelic iqneboda.
rac Seexeba im `ucnob niSans~, l. WilaSvili axsenebs wrexazs
SuaSi wertiliT. roca man 2003 wlis zafxulSi neba damrTo qvidan
gadmomexata es warwera, im adgilas davxaze wre SuaSi mokle
vertikaluri xaziT (da ara wertiliT). aseTi niSani SeiZleba avxsnaT
rogorc `Hari~ formis arqauli niSani (Sdr. koppas~ pirvandeli forma),
romlis Semdeg weria ori wminda wre (e. i. orjer `u~, im adgilas:
bilabialuri U). amis Semdeg Cans `e~ an `i~ aso (es Znelad gasarCevia).
aqedan gamodis wakiTxva: `xaHuerTvis~ an `xaHOrTvis~. am saxis zmna Zvel
qarTulSi jerjerobiT ar dasturdeba. magram qarTul teqstebSi
gvxvdeba saxeli HurTa-Y / HOrT-i `muSti~ (abulaZe 1973, 572;
sarjvelaZe 1995, 77), romlisganac es zmna SeiZleba iyos nawarmoebi.
Tu amovdivarT `xaHOrTvis~ wakiTxvidan, maSin aseTi warmoeba
`HOrT-~ saxeluri fuZisagan sruliad uproblemoa.
xolo Tu vkiTxulobT `xaHuerTvis~ formas, maSin zmnas
safuZvlad udevs `HurT-~ saxelis fuZe. u : ve Sefardeba (u saxelSi, ve
zmnaSi) qarTulSi sxva SemTxvevebSic dasturdeba. analogiuri viTareba
gvaqvs Semdeg magaliTebSic:
qarT. (fSav.) RunTi `cremli~ : (da-) RvenT-eb-a;
qarT. Rur-k-an-i `kuziani~, Rur-k-o `saankeso wneli~ : Rver-v-a
`Runva, moxra, dreka~.
Tu es varaudebi misaRebia, SeiZleba merve warweris bolo ase
wavikiTxoT:
da numcavin xaHuerTvis `da aravin damuStos/daangrios/gaafuWos~.
literatura
abulaZe 1973 _ abulaZe i., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tbilisi
1973.
sarjvelaZe 1995 _ sarjvelaZe, z., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi),
Tbilisi 1995.
WilaSvili 2004 _ WilaSvili l., nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli waarwerebi da
qarTuli damwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi 2004.
178
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
fonetika/fonologia
sofio mujiri
prosodiuli segmentaciis da funqcionaluri perspeqtivis
maxasiaTeblebi zepir spontanur teqstSi
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eqceva prosodiuli markerebiT SemosazRvruli enobrivi erTeulebis safuZvelze zepiri
teqstis formaluri da azrobrivi organizaciis Seswavlas. es
saSualebas iZleva aRvweroT zepiri teqstis agebulebisa da funqciobis
meqanizmis pragmatikul-komunikaciuri mxare. metyveli piri prosodiuli
saSualebebiT gamoyofs metyvelebis monakveTebs, romlebsac adresatis
enobrivi intuicia yovelTvis Seucdomlad gansazRvravs da aRiqvams
rogorc „komunikaciur-intonaciur erTeulebs~ konkretul situaciaSi
metyvelebis dros (Колшанский 1984, 93). teqstis Semadgeneli diskretuli komunikaciur-intonaciuri erTeulebi informacias TandaTanobiT,
nawil-nawil gvawodeben, rac teqstis linearuli bunebiT aixsneba. zepiri
teqstis linearuli da diskretuli buneba gansazRvravs misi analizis
Sesabamis meTods, kerZod, teqstis danawevrebas mis Semadgenel
komunikaciur-intonaciur erTeulebad. teqstis azrobriv-intonaciur monakveTebad dayofa, gamoyofil monakveTTa funqciobisa da urTierTmimarTebaTa gamovlena aris zepiri teqstis semantikur-intonaciuri
interpretaciis erT-erTi relevanturi meTodi, romelic eyrdnoba ara
teqstis Sesaxeb Seqmnil Teoriebs, aramed uSualod gamomdinareobs
Tavad teqstis pragmatikul-komunikaciuri daniSnulebidan.
zepiri teqstis segmentacias emsaxurebian prosodiuli markerebi,
romlebic realizebuli arian gamosayofi komunikaciur-fonetikuri
erTeulis sazRvrebze da zepir spontanur teqstSi metyvelebis kontinuumis Sewyvetis ZiriTad maniSneblebs warmoadgenen. aseTi markerebia,
upirveles yovlisa: pauza, aseve ZiriTadi tonis sixSiris cvlileba da
intensiurobis amplituda anu maxvili (Потапова, Блохина 1986, 47, 112).
I. pauzebi teqstis segmentTa sasazRvro signalebs warmoadgenen
(Потапова, Блохина 1986, 103-108; Антипова, 1979, 125), romelTa meSveobiT mosaubre gegmavs momdevno leqsikuri erTeulis Tu sintaqsuri
konstruqciis arCevas an gamoxatavs Tavis emociur mdgomareobas. pauzis
mravalferovani saxeebis (fiziologiuri, sintaqsuri funqciebis mqone
aseve hezitaciuri anu „Sevsebuli“ pauzebi) mTeli speqtris gamoyeneba
teqstis komunikaciurad mniSvnelovani elementis win an mis Semdeg am
elementis warmoCenis an teqstis sintaqsur-komunikaciuri erTeulebis
179
sazRvrebis delimitaciis mizniT mowmobs pauzis gansakuTrebul
relevanturobas sxva prosodiul markerTa Soris. pauzis aRqma
ganpirobebulia semantikur-sintaqsuri faqtorebiT da sxva prosodiul
parametrTa paraleluri aqtualizaciiT, ris gamoc yvelaze kargad
pauzis amocnoba auditorTa mier SesaZlebelia metyvelebis taqtis an
gamonaTqvamis boloSi: `pauzis aRqma mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
sintaqsuri erTeulebis sazRvrebis imavdroul aRqmaze~ (Цибуля 1982,
23, 149). zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom teqstis pauzuri organizacia warmoadgens erTi mxriv avtoris Canafiqris realizacias, meore
mxriv ki teqstis optimaluri, adekvaturi dekodirebis winapirobas. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom werilobiTi teqstis aRqmisas mkiTxveli
wuTSi imaxsovrebs 2000 sityvas, xolo zepiri metyvelebis aRqmisas –
ara umetes 400 sityvisa, rac pirvel SemTxvevaSi vizualuri, meore
SemTxvevaSi ki smeniTi mexsierebis TaviseburebebiTaa ganpirobebuli
(Grimm, Egelkamp 1981, 149), cxadi gaxdeba, rom pauza asrulebs sayrdenis rols teqstis linearulad ganlagebul segmentTa percefciuli
aRqmis, gagebisa da damaxsovrebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, Cvens naSromSi pauza
gagebulia rogorc fonaciis met-naklebad xangrZlivi Sewyveta,
romelsac axlavs ZiriTadi tonis sixSiris an intensiurobis xarisxis
cvlileba teqstis sintaqsurad, komunikaciurad da intonaciurad
erTiani segmentis sazRvarze. pauzis saimedo identifikacia xdeba sxva
prosodiul parametrTa funqciobis fonze, sxvadasxva ierarqiuli donis
komunikaciur-sintaqsuri erTeulis sazRvarze. pauza erTdroulad asrulebs teqstis integraciisa da delimitaciis funqciebs.
II. zepiri teqstis pauzuri segmentaciis bazaze gamovyaviT pauzuri
jgufebi (Потапова, Блохина 1986, 68). pauzuri jgufi – es aris
gamonaTqvamis monakveTi or mezobel pauzas Soris, romelic asaxavs
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis da sintaqsuri struqturis danawevrebas
metyveli piris komunikaciuri miznis Sesabamisad. pauzuri jgufis
sazRvrebi SeiZleba daemTxvas ritmuli jgufis, metyvelebis taqtis,
gamonaTqvamis da fonoabzacis sazRvrebsac.
teqstis gamonaTqvamTa pauzebiT danawevreba SemTxveviT xasiaTs ar
atarebs. metyveli segmentaciis ramdenime SesaZlebeli alternatividan im
erTaderT variants irCevs, romelic mis pragmatikul-komunikaciur
ganzraxvas metad Seesabameba. igi Tavisi Canafiqris Sesabamisad gegmavs
pauzuri jgufebis zomas, Tanmimdevrobas da prosodiul gaformebas
teqstSi. pauzur jgufTa sazRvrebze Tavmoyrili prosodiuli markerebi
xazs usvamen prosodiulad warmoCenili elementebis funqciuri da
informaciuli mniSvnelobis xarisxs da gansakuTrebul rols TamaSoben
teqstis komunikaciuri da pragmatikuli mizandasaxulobis gadmocemaSi.
amrigad, zepiri teqstis intonaciurad gamoyofili, semantikur-sin180
taqsuri segmentebi – pauzuri jgufebi warmoadgenen makroteqstis ilokuciuri mimarTulebis umcires indikators, rogorc fonologiur, aseve
azrobriv-gramatikul doneebze. isini qmnian iseT gramatikul-semantikur
mTlianobas, romlis mikroCarCo emTxveva prosodiul parametrTa
moqmedebis zonas.
III. savsebiT realuria imis daSveba, rom zepiri teqstis pauzuri
jgufebi Tavisi sazRvrebiT Seesabameba gansazRvruli gamonaTqvamis
funqcionalur danawevrebas Temad, transmisiad da remad./fokusad,
romlebic Tavis mxriv semantikur kavSirSi arian teqstis TemasTan da
remasTan. dadgenilia, rom `winadadebis Tema qmnis frazirebis sakuTar
erTeuls, Tu igi gamoxatulia arsebiTi saxeliT an romelime sxva
maxviliani sityviT~ (Pheby 1975, 129-130). frazirebis erTeuli SeiZleba
warmoadgendes proklitikebisa da enklitikebis SekavSirebas, romelic
gamoxatavs teqstis `Temis nawils~ (Meinhold, Stock 1982, 235-236). meore
mxriv, yoveli gamonaTqvamis remis/fokusis Semcveli pauzuri jgufis
gansakuTrebuli
aqcenturi
gaformeba
SesaZlebels
xdis
mis
komunikaciur-intonaciur segmentad gamoyofas da xazs usvams mocemuli
pauzuri
jgufis
funqcias,
romelic
mdgomareobs
aqtualuri,
mniSvnelovani informaciis gadmocemaSi. garda Tematuri da rematuli
pauzuri jgufebisa, gavrcobil gamonaTqvamSi gvxvdeba transmisiuli
pauzuri jgufebi, romlebic qmnian fons Temisa da remis/fokusis ukeT
warmoCenisaTvis, maTi Sinaarsis dazustebisa da SevsebisaTvis. Tematuri,
gansakuTrebiT ki transmisiuli pauzuri jgufebi teqstis sxvadasxva
pauzur jgufs akavSireben erTmaneTTan. rac ufro metadaa gamoxatuli
Tematuri da fonuri pauzuri jgufebis makavSirebeli funqcia, miT
ufro naklebia maTi prosodiuli gaformebis xarisxi. rematul/fokusuri
segmenti, piriqiT, gamoirCeva komunikaciuri dinamizmis maRali xarisxiT,
prosodiuli parametrebis maqsimumebiT. misi makavSirebeli funqcia da
konteqstze damokidebulebis xarisxi bevrad sustia Tematur da fonur
pauzur jgufebTan SedarebiT.
vfiqrobT, rom gamonaTqvamis Tematuri da rematul/fokusuri
pauzuri jgufebi warmoadgenen teqstis Temisa da fokusis Semadgenel
umcires komunikaciur-prosodiul erTeulebs, romelTa analizi mxolod
teqstis donezea SesaZlebeli. am erTeulTa ganxilva calkeuli
izolirebuli winadadebis farglebSi TavisTavad gamoricxavs teqstis
TemasTan da remasTan maTi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs.
IV. zemoaRniSnuli hipoTezebis dasamtkiceblad q. moskovis lingvisturi universitetis eqsperimentuli fonetikis laboratoriaSi
(prof. l. bloxina) Catarda auditoruli analizi, romelic moicavda
181
Semdeg etapebs: 1) auditorTa mier zepiri teqstis percefciul aRqmas1,
prosodiuli parametrebis xarisxebis aRniSvnas da am aRniSvnaTa
analizis Sedegad teqstis segmentacias pauzur jgufebad; 2) gamoyofil
pauzur jgufTa sazRvrebisa da prosodiuli parametrebis xarisxebis
urTierTkavSiris dadgenas funqcionaluri perspeqtivis komponentebis
calkeul tipebTan (Tema, transmisia, rema/fokusi); 3) funqcionaluri
perspeqtivis komponentebis sazRvrebis fonetikuri maCveneblebis _
pauzis, ZiriTadi tonis sixSiris cvlilebis da maxvilis xarisxebisa da
Taviseburebebis dadgenas.
auditorul analizSi monawileobas iRebda xuTi percipienti.
auditorebis winaSe dasaxuli iyo Semdegi konkretuli amocanebis
Sesruleba:
1. zepiri teqstis
mosmenis Sedegad aReniSnaT sxvadasxva
xangrZlivobis pauzebi. pauzaTa xangrZlivobis gradacia Semdegnairad
unda miniSnebuliyo: zemokle anu fakultaturi pauza [ξ], mokle pauza
[/], saSualo pauza [//], xangrZlivi pauza [///].
2. sambaliani skalis mixedviT unda daefiqsirebinaT maxvilian
marcvlebSi maxvilis siZliere: susti aqcentireba [1], saSualo aqcentireba [1/2], Zlieri aqcentireba [2], zeZlieri aqcentireba [3]. mocemul
aRniSvnas ufro meti sizustisaTvis percipientebi umatebdnen pluss an
minuss.
3. unda aReniSnaT ZiriTadi tonis moZraobis mimarTuleba
aqcenturad gamoyofili marcvlebis Tavze: mkveTrad aRmavali [ ],
sustad aRmavali [ ], mkveTrad damavali [
], sustad damavali [
] da
swori [ ].
pauzebis xangrZlivobis dadgena, maxvilis siZlieris
gansazRvra, iseve rogorc ZiriTadi tonis moZraobis mimarTulebis
konstatacia xde1
Cven viziarebT prof. z. jafariZis da sxva mecnierTa azrs, romlis mixedviTac
yvela saxis fonetikur aRweras win unda uZRodes gamosakvlevi obieqtis
gamoyofa percefciuli kriteriumiT. percefciuli aRqmis monacemebi unda
CaiTvalos ZiriTad da saimedo faqtad, romelTa Semdgomi gadamowmeba SesaZloa
akustikuri fonetikuri aparaturis meSveobiT (Джапаридзе 1985, 9, 13, 21, 25;
Партнова 1986, 94; Pompino-Marschall, 1995, 13-16, 133-165). `prosodiuli
gamokvlevebisaTvis sakmaod relevanturia is SedarebiT uxeSi maCveneblebi,
romlebic yuriTaa aRqmuli~ (Блохина, Потапова 1982, 13). smeniTi aRqmis erTerTi gamoCenili mkvlevari d. bekeSi werda: "Основная мембрана (внутреннее ухо)
производит грубый механический частотный анализ. Слуховая система каким-то еще
не понятным способом осуществляет более тонкий анализ. Это уже относится к
общим функциям высших нервных центров и станет понятным только тогда, когда
мы будем знать больше о функциях этих центров" (Жинкин 1982, 70-71).
182
boda Semdeg faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT:
1. CamoTvlili parametrebi unda daefiqsirebina, Seefasebina da
aReniSna percipientTa aranakleb 75%-s.
2. Tu percipientTa 50% aRniSnavda ZiriTadi tonis moZraobis
aRmaval mimarTulebas, xolo percipientTa danarCeni 50% – damaval
mimarTulebas,
maSin
mocemul
auditorul
Sefasebas,
rogorc
arasaimedos, mxedvelobaSi ar viRebdiT.
3. Tu percipientTa 50% afiqsirebda romelime prosodiul
parametrs, romelsac danarCeni percipientebi ar aRniSnavdnen, aseT
monacems mrgval frCxilebSi vaTavsebdiT, mag.: ( ), (1), (/).
4. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, auditorTa erTi nawili afiqsirebda,
magaliTad, pauzaTa zemokleobas, meore nawili ki _ mokle pauzas; an
auditorTa erTi nawili aRniSnavda mokle pauzas, meore nawili ki _
grZel pauzas. aseT SemTxvevaSi orive aRniSvnas vafiqsirebdiT iribi
Strixis meSveobiT, mag: [ξ// ] an [////].
maxvilis
xarisxi
zogjer
fasdeboda
rogorc
„sustidan
Zlieramde“, anu saSualo siZlieris maxvili. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas isev
iribi Strixis ½ an plusis (Tu minusis) meSveobiT aRvniSnavdiT,
magaliTad, ½ an 1+ niSnavs. „sust maxvilze Zlieri, magram ara Zlieri“.
saeqsperimento teqstis gasaanalizeblad SevasruleT Semdegi
samuSao:
1. teqstis yovel gamoyofil pauzur jgufSi misi sigrZis
gansazRvris mizniT davadgineT marcvalTa raodenoba;
2. pauzuri jgufebis maxvilian marcvlebSi davadgineT maxvilis
siZlieris xarisxi da raodenoba;
3. pauzur jgufTa aqcenturi gaformebis Seswavlis Sedegad
SesaZlebeli gaxda teqstis TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis aqcentirebis
suraTis gansazRvra;
4. pauzur jgufTa melodiuri konturebis dadgenis safuZvelze
SevadgineT teqstis yoveli gamonaTqvamis melodiuri konturis
ganzogadebuli suraTi;
5. analogiuri gziT davadgineT teqstis monakveTTa pauzuri
markirebis suraTi;
6. mocemul naSromSi teqsti pauzebis dafiqsirebis gziT davyaviT
gamonaTqvamebad, gamonaTqvamebi ki - pauzur jgufebad, SevecadeT erTmaneTTan Segvefardebina teqstis gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis planis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi da dagvedgina reprezentirebulia Tu ara
pauzur jgufebSi funqcionaluri perspeqtivis komponentebi.
183
184
saeqsperimento teqstis analizis monacemebi SevitaneT da SevajameT
krebsiT cxrilSi:
analizis meTodebs safuZvlad daedo
mkvlevarTa Sexedulebebi
intonaciisa da teqstis erTeulTa urTierTSefardebis Sesaxeb. T. nikolaeva Tvlis, rom teqstis sintagmatikisa da misi prosodiuli asaxvis
kvleva teqstis gramatikis gasaRebs warmoadgens: "Единицы интонации,
отражают
линейную
направленность
текста,
поэтому
задачей
интонационного исследования является поиск отношений между синтагмами,
и просодических средств выражения этих отношений. Единицы интонации,
интонемы, реализуются на синтагматической оси" (Николаева 1978, 24, 31).
l. ielmslevi wers: "Независимо от того, заинтересованы ли мы в
настоящий момент в выражении или содержании, мы ничего не поймем в
структуре языка, если не будем постоянно принимать во внимание
взаимодействие обеих планов" (Ельмслев 1960, 333).
gamoyofili pauzuri jgufebis da gamonaTqvamis funqcionaluri
perspeqtivis komponentebis (Temis, transmisiisa da remis/fokusis)
sazRvrebis Tanxvedris dasadgenad SevimuSaveT kompleqsuri meTodi,
romelic emyareba:
185
1. sxvadasxva percipientis mier erTi da imave teqstis aRqmisa da
analizis Sedegebs;
2. komunikaciuri dinamizmis meTods, romlis mixedviTac unda
arsebobdes Tanxvedra Tematuri elementebis sust da rematuli/
fokusuri elementebis Zlier prosodiul gaformebas Soris;
3. eliminaciis anu gamoricxvis meTods: gamonaTqvamTa rematulfokusuri
da
transmisiuli
pauzuri
jgufebis
Tanmimdevruli
gamoricxvis gziT gamovyaviT jer Tematuri, Semdeg amave principiT
rematuli, fokusuri da bolos fonuri xasiaTis pauzuri jgufebi,
radgan: `Tu ramdenime hipoTeza arsebobs, maTgan erTis gamoricxva
niSnavs WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebas~ (Свинцов 1987, 257-276);
4. kiTxviTi testis analizs, romelic SevecadeT gamogveyenebina
Temisa da remis dadgenisaTvis, rogorc gamonaTqvamTa aseve teqstis
doneze (Kiparsky 1966);
5. specifikaciis kriteriums: Tema presupoziciuri da zogadi
xasiaTisaa. is referentulia obieqturi sinamdvilis gansazRvruli raobis klasis mimarT da warmoadgens mis romelime elements an Tvisebas:
fokusSi ki xdeba Tematuri klasis erTi elementis identifikacia,
daxasiaTeba, dasabuTeba, dadastureba da a. S. (Koenitz 1988).
aRniSnuli meTodikis gamoyenebis bazaze teqstSi gamovyaviT
gamonaTqvamTa funqcionaluri perspeqtivis komponentebi, romlebic
warmodgenili arian teqstis Temis (TT), Temis (T), teqstis Temis
komentaris (TT.C), transmisiis (Tr), remis (R) da fokusis (F)
gamomxatveli pauzuri jgufebiT. transmisias, romelic samecniero
literaturaSi cnobilia aseve `fonis~, „gardamavali elementis“,
„gadasasvlelis“ saxelwodebiT, praReli lingvistebi yofdnen „sakuTriv
gadasasvlelad“ da „gadasasvlelis fonad“; zepiri, spontanurad
producirebuli teqstis analizma gviCvena, rom transmisias aqvs
modaluri an ganmartebiTi xasiaTi. modaluri transmisia (Tr.m)
gamoxatavs subieqtis modalur ganwyobas da mis damokidebulebas
fokusiT
gamoxatuli
moqmedebis
mimarT.
modaluri
transmisia
warmoadgens Temidan remaSi an fokusSi „gadasvlis“ enobriv saSualebas.
ganmartebiTi transmisia anu transmisiuli komentari (Tr.c) azustebs,
akonkretebs, damatebiT cnobebs gvawvdis gamonaTqvamis funqcionaluri
perspeqtivis im komponentze, romelsac igi axlavs da aseve warmoadgens
verbalur gadasasvlels Temidan remaze/fokusze an remidan fokusze.
teqstis analizis Sedegad gamovyaviT Temis komentari (Tc), remis
komentari (Rc) da fokusis komentari (Fc).
mocemuli teqstis xuTi winadadebis funqcionaluri perspeqtivis
komponentebi SevecadeT grafikulad Semdegi saxiT gamogvesaxa:
186
sadac ● – aRniSnavs Tematur sityvas, xolo Ë _ transmisiul sityvas
Sereuli saxis Tematur an transmisiul pauzur jgufSi. '
teqstis pirveli sami winadadebis dasawyisSi Tematuri da
modaluri transmisiis elementebi erT damoukidebel pauzur jgufs
qmnian. meoTxe winadadebis transmisiul pauzur jgufSi Tematuri
elementi implicituradaa nagulisxmevi, mexuTe winadadebis fokusur
pauzur jgufebSi Tematuri da transmisiuli sityvebi kvlav erTmaneTis
gverdze arian ganlagebuli. es gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom Tematuri
da transmisiuli elementebis aRniSnul poziciur, Sinaarsobriv da
prosodiul erTianobas vuwodoT S. balis termini _ modusi, romelic
aRniSnavs subieqts da gamoxatavs mis pozicias teqstis Temis mimarT.
teqstis funqcionaluri perspeqtivis komponentebi qmnian sakuTar
pauzur jgufebs, romelTa sazRvrebi emTxveva metyvelebis taqtis
sazRvrebs, anu isini imyofebian Zlier poziciaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
gamoxataven maTTvis tipur semantikas (Tematuri pauzuri jgufebi
asaxeleben teqstis Temas, mis komentars an lokaciis koordinatebs,
transmisiuli – metyveli piris pozicias teqstis Temis mimarT an
gvawvdian mis Sesaxeb damatebiT cnobebs. fokusur pauzur jgufebSi
xdeba Tematuri klasis erTi elementis identifikacia da TemiT
Semotanili problemis specifikacia). sxva SemTxvevaSi Tematuri da
transmisiuli elementebi ver qmnian sakuTar pauzur jgufebs da
warmodgenili arian ritmuli struqturiT an calkeuli sityvebiT anu
arian sust poziciaSi.
auditoruli analizis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis
analizi da sistematizacia uflebas gvaZlevs CamovayaliboT Semdegi
debulebebi:
1. gamonaTqvamTa
funqcionaluri
perspeqtivis
komponentebis
sazRvrebi umetes SemTxvevaSi (90%) daemTxva auditoruli analizis
procesSi gamovlenili pauzuri jgufebis sazRvrebs. pauzuri jgufebiT
187
warmodgenili Tema, transmisia (modaluri transmisia da transmisiuli
komentarebi) da rema/fokusi gamoxataven maTTvis tipur semantikas da
korelaciaSi imyofebian tipur prosodiul maxasiaTeblebTan.
2. funqcionaluri perspeqtivis TiToeul komponents teqstSi
Semdegi tipuri prosodiuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs: a)teqstis Tema
gamoirCeva
pauzuri
jgufis
xangrZlivobiT,
Zlieri
maxviliT,
specifikuri melodiiT. danarCen Tematur pauzur jgufebs umTavresad
axasiaTebT susti maxvili, Tanabari an sustad aRmavali progredientuli
melodia da zemokle an mokle pauza. pauzuri jgufiT warmodgenili
Tema gvxvdeba rogorc martivi (erTi pauzuri jgufisgan Semdgari), aseve
rTuli saxiT (Seicavs or an met pauzur jgufs); b)transmisiul pauzur
jgufebSi maxvilTa raodenobiT da siZlieriT, mkveTrad aRmavali progredientuli melodiiT da xangrZlivi (grZeli) pauziT gamoirCevian modaluri transmisia da teqstis Temis komentari. danarCen transmisiul
pauzur jgufebs axasiaTebT: saSualo siZlieris maxvili, mokle pauza,
aRmavali progredientuli melodia. Tematuri pauzuri jgufebisagan
gansxvavebiT, transmisiul pauzur jgufebSi dominireben saSualo da
Zlieri maxvilebi, gvxvdeba grZeli pauzebic. progredientuli melodia
ufro Zlieri aRmavali konturiT xasiaTdeba. prosodiuli markirebiT
gamoirCevian is transmisiuli pauzuri jgufebi, romlebSic gamoxatulia
pozicia teqstis mTavar TemasTan mimarTebaSi; g)yvela fokusuri pauzuri
jgufi prosodiulad warmoCenilia Zlieri da zeZlieri maxvilebis
simravliT da fokusis Semdeg ganlagebuli grZeli da zegrZeli pauzebiT. fokusis win yovelTvis Cndeba mokle e.w. `fokusuri pauza~.
fokusur pauzur jgufebs axasiaTebT aranormatiuli xasiaTis (terminaluri da interogatiuli) melodiuri konturebi, romlebic damatebiT,
aRmaval tonebTan erTad arian realizebuli. maxvilian marcvalTa
raodenoba da maxvilis xarisxi gansakuTrebiT maRalia im fokusur
pauzur jgufebSi, romlebSic laparakia teqstis Temis gadawyvetis
gzebis, aseve teqstis mTavar TemasTan mimarTebaSi azris gamoTqmis,
mtkicebis, Sefasebis da diskusiis ganaxlebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.
fokusuri pauzuri jgufebi gvxvdeba rogorc calkeuli, aseve
dawyvilebuli saxiT. isini Seicaven calkeul Tematur an transmisiul
sityvebs, romlebic susti prosodiuli gaformebiT xasiaTdeba. es
sityvebi qmnian prosodiul da semantikur fons fokusis prosodiuli da
semantikuri warmoCenisaTvis, anu fokusis `prosodiuli manifestaciisaTvis~. ase magaliTad, fokusur pauzur jgufSi:
1
1
2
3
1
"dem Schüler eine entsprechende Zensur zu erteilen" ///, sityvebi: "dem Schüler"
188
1
2
3
da "eine entsprechende" qmnian fons fokusis: "Zensur zu erteilen" /// semantikuri da prosodiuli warmoCenisaTvis.
imave movlenas aqvs adgili TiToeul fokusur pauzur jgufSi,
sadac
fokusis
winamavali
sityvebi
gacilebiT
sustad
arian
prosodiulad gaformebuli, vidre maTi momdevno fokusi. rematul da
fokusur pauzur jgufebSi gvxvdeba progredientuli, terminaluri da
interogatiuli melodiuri konturebi. Tumca, fokusur pauzur
jgufebSi gvxvdeba am melodiebisaTvis aratipuri, sruliad specifikuri
melodiuri konturebi, ase magaliTad, mkveTrad aRmaval-damavali [ ]
melodia gvxvdeba ara mxolod terminaluri melodiis mqone pauzur
jgufebSi (meore, meoTxe, mexuTe gamonaTqvamebSi), aramed agreTve im
pauzur jgufebSic, sadac wesis mixedviT unda gvqondes interogatiuli
melodia (pirveli gamonaTqvamis bolo pauzuri jgufi, romelic ekuTvnis
kiTxviT winadadebas kiTxviTi sityvis gareSe).
iq, sadac wesebis Tanaxmad unda gvqondes progredientuli melodia
(meore da mesame gamonaTqvamebis #7, 8 pauzur jgufebSi), aseve gvxvdeba
am melodiisaTvis sruliad uCveulo, aranormatiuli, texili damavalaRmavali toni, romelic progredientuli melodiis konturis gamosaxvis
normebs scildeba [ ], [ ].
es texili melodiuri konturebi (mesame gamonaTqvamSi) damatebiT
melodiur konturebTan erTad arian realizebuli erTi pauzuri jgufis
sazRvrebSi. rogorc Cans, melodiis aranormatiuli realizacia emsaxureba erTi mxriv pauzuri jgufebis semantikis prosodiiT xazgasmas _
teqstis TemasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari poziciis an kontrastuli
dapirispirebis gamoxatvas, meore mxriv ki ganpirobebulia spontanuri
teqstis specifikuri agebulebiT: erTmaneTze mZivebiviT akinZuli
pauzuri jgufebi qmnian grZel winadadebebs, romlebic msmenelSi iwveven
momdevno informaciis daZabul molodins. swored es daZabuli molodinia gamoxatuli progredientuli melodiiT.
zemoT
CamoTvlili
progredientuli,
terminaluri
da
interogatiuli melodiebis realizacia rematul da fokusur pauzur
jgufebSi
normis
farglebs
scildeba,
ris
gamoc
aRniSnuli
araspecifikuri melodiebi SeiZleba CavTvaloT prosodiuli warmoCenis
erT-erT Zlier saSualebad _ melodiur manifestaciad.
teqstis yvela gamonaTqvamSi rematul-fokusuri pauzuri jgufebi
xasiaTdebian Zlieri prosodiuli manifestaciiT, samive prosodiuli
parametris xarisxi zenits aRwevs, rac fokusuri informaciis relevanturobaze miuTiTebs. raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad yvelaze metadaa
aqcentirebuli „sakuTriv fokusi“:
189
3
3
3
3
2/3
(2)
3
(Fünf, Fleiβnote, erhärten, erteilen, anders gehandhabt, unterhalten).
aRmoCnda, rom teqstis dasawyisSi teqstis TemiT dasmuli sakiTxi,
romelic msmenelSi iwvevs momdevno informaciisadmi interess da am
sakiTxis gadawyvetis molodins, neitralizebulia fokusuri pauzuri
jgufebiT. yoveli gamonaTqvamis fokusuri pauzuri jgufi warmoadgens
teqstis Temaze gacemul pasuxs. igi gadmoscems metyveli piris romelime alternatiul Tvalsazriss. teqstis Sua, kulminaciur nawilSi
(me-3 da me-4 gamonaTqvamebi) intonaciuri konturi gansakuTrebuli
simkveTriT asaxavs fokusuri pauzuri jgufebiT Semotanili informaciis
aqtualobas. teqstis bolo, mexuTe winadadeba mTlianad fokusuri
pauzuri jgufebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic gadmoscemen ori gansxvavebuli
koleqtivis kontrastul Tvalsazrisebs teqstis mTavari Temis mimarT,
riTac teqstSi sruldeba fokusuri pauzuri jgufebiT gadmocemuli
aqtualuri informaciis mowodeba.
funqcionaluri perspeqtivis distribucia teqstSi teqstis
kompoziciur
agebulebas
da
semantikas
ukavSirdeba.
Tematuri,
transmisiuli, rematuli da fokusuri pauzuri jgufebis distribucia
teqstSi sakmaod mowesrigebul xasiaTs atarebs da gansazRvrul
kanonzomierebebs emorCileba.
Tematuri sityvebi da pauzuri jgufebi ganlagebuli arian
umTavresad teqstis pirvel sam winadadebaSi. isini ikaveben adgils
winadadebis an pauzuri jgufis TavSi an SuaSi da asruleben „sawyisis“,
`sayrdenis~ funqcias. Tematuri pauzuri jgufebis semantikuri misia da
„sawyisis“ formaluri funqcia teqstis SuaSi mkveTrad mcirdeba, radgan,
rogorc Cans, teqstis am nawilSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba teqstis
Temis gadaWris gzebisa da saSualebebis Sesaxeb msjelobas. amitom
teqstis Sua da finalur nawilebSi transmisiuli sityvebi da pauzuri
jgufebi iwyeben winadadebebs. teqstis SuaSi transmisiul elementTa
ricxvi da informaciuli datvirTva gansakuTrebiT izrdeba. teqstis
bolos (me-5 winadadebaSi) transmisiis semantikuri funqcia mcirdeba da
izRudeba mxolod subieqtis modaluri damokidebulebis gamoxatviT.
fokusuri pauzuri jgufi formalurad da Sinaarsobrivad amTavrebs
TiToeul winadadebas. misi informaciuli misia yvelaze didia: is
gvamcnobs mniSvnelovan, aqtualur informacias teqstis Temis Sesaxeb da
amave dros pasuxs scems teqstis TemiT dasmul sakiTxs, riTac xsnis
TemiT Semotanil entropias da etapobrivad, linearulad ganavrcobs,
ganfens teqstSi komunikaciurad dinamikur informacias.
fokusuri pauzuri jgufebi gvxvdeba `sufTa~ da `Sereuli~ saxiT.
sufTa saxiT (anu Tematuri da transmisiuli elementebis gareSe)
190
fokusuri pauzuri jgufebi gvxvdeba teqstis sawyis da Sua nawilebSi.
Sereuli fokusuri pauzuri jgufebi ki Seicaven Tematur da
transmisiul elementebs da ganlagebuli arian teqstis bolo (me-4, 5)
gamonaTqvamebSi.
literatura
Потапова, Блохина 1986 – Потапова Р. К., Блохина Л. П., Средства
фонетического членения речевого потока в немецком и русском языках,
Москва.
Антипова 1979 – Антипова А. М., Система английской речевой интонации,
«Высшая школа», Москва.
Цибуля 1982 – Цибуля Н. Б., Роль интонации в структурировании текста,
Диссертация на соиск. степ. кандидата филолог. наук, Москва.
Grimm, Engelkamp 1981 – Grimm H., Engelkamp J., Sprachpsychologie,
Handbuch und Lexikon der Psycholinguistik (Handbücher zur Sprachwissenschaft
und Sprachdidaktik. Bd. 1.) Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin.
Pheby 1975 – Pheby J., Intonation und Grammatik im Deutschen, AkademieVerlag, Berlin.
Meinhold, Stock 1982 –
Meinhold G. Stock E., Phonologie der deutschen
Gegenwartssprache, VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig.
Николаева 1978 – Николаева Т. М., Лингвистика текста, Современное
состояние и перспективы, В.: Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. Вып. VIII.
"Прогресс", Москва.
Ельмслев 1960 – Ельмслев Л., Пролегомены к теории языка, Новое в
лингвистике, Вып. I., M.
Свинцов 1987 – Свинцов В. И., Логика, «Высшая школа», Москва.
Kiparsky 1966 – Kiparsky P.,
Über den deutschen Akzent, In: Studia
Grammatica 7, Berlin.
Koenitz 1988 – Koenitz B., Koenitz, Funktionale Satzperspektive und
referentielles
Gefälle,
In:
2.
Jenaer
Semantik-Syntax-Symposium.
Wissenschaftliche Beiträge der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena.
Джапаридзе 1985 –
Джапаридзе, З. Н., Перцептивная фонетика АН.
Грузинской ССР Институт языкознания, «Мецниереба», Тбилиси.
Блохина, Потапова 1982 – Блохина Л. П., Потапова Р. К., Методика
анализа просодических характеристик речи. Министерство высшего и
среднего спец. образования СССР. МГПИИЯ им. М. Тореза. Москва.
Жинкин 1982 – Жинкин Н. И., Речь как проводник информации, «Наука»,
Москва.
191
Sophie Mujiri
Peculiarities of Prosodic Segmentation and Distribution of
Functional Perspective in Oral Spontaneous Text
Summary
As a result of the division of text by means of prosodic devices,
communicative-prosodic segments – pausal groups (PGs) were singled out, the
limits of which are characterized by the cessation of phonation, change of the main
tone frequency and intensity. It was established that the limits of pausal groups
coincide with those of the components of the functional perspective of sentence
(theme, modal transmission, theme comment, rhema comment, focus comment,
rhema and focus). At the text level, the text theme and focus are identifiable. Each
component of the functional perspective has its typical prosodic characteristics in
the text: a) All focus pausal groups are prosodically represented by the quantity of
strong and super-strong stresses, nonnormative melodic contours, long and superlong pauses found after the focus. In front of the focus, a short, the so-called "focus
pause" appears; b) In transmissive pausal groups with the quantity of accents,
sharply rising melody and long pause, modal transmission and the text theme
comment are identifiable. c) In thematic pausal groups, the text theme is
singled out with the duration of the pausal group, strong stress and specific melody.
The rest of the pausal groups containing the functional perspective are
characterized by weak or medium stress, super-short or short pause, weakly or
strongly rising melody. Thematic pausal groups have a weaker prosodic form as
compared with the transmissive ones.
The components of the functional perspective of text form their own pausal
groups if they express their typical semantics. Thematic pausal groups name the
text theme or the location coordinates, transmissive ones indicate the speaker’s
position or give additional information about the text theme. In focus pausal groups
the specification of the problem introduced by the text theme occurs. The
distribution of the functional perspective in text is linked with the compositional
structure and semantics of the text. Of thematic pausal groups, the text theme and
its comment dominate at the beginning of the text. In the middle part of the text,
modal transmission and transmission comment are found in their place. Focus
pausal groups found at the end of each expression and text answer the question
introduced by the text theme up to its informative exhaustion.
192
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
mixeil qurdiani
``adiRuri~ tipis umlauti svanurSi
(narkvevebi svanuri enis istoriuli fonetikidan II.)
svanuri enis mkvlevarTa mier aRwerili da axsnilia umlautis anu
xmovanTa nawilobrivi asimilaciis ori tipi, orive regresiuli
xasiaTisa.
qarTvelur
saenaTmecniero
literaturaSi
pirveli
maTgani
saxeldebulia `wina mimarTulebis~, xolo meore `ukana mimarTulebis~
umlautad (xmovanTa artikulaciis cvlis mimarTulebis mixedviT).
e. w. `wina mimarTulebis umlauti~ svanurSi palataluri tipisaa da
misi axsna akademikos akaki SaniZis saxels ukavSirdeba (SaniZe 1925, 171232):
a > ê; ê > ó; o > í; í > ô; u > ò; î > õ.
`wina mimarTulebis` umlauts iwveven palataluri i da ì (nebismier
SemTxvevaSi) da e (mxolod a > ê-s da isic rogorc wesi sakuTari
reduqciis xarjze);
e. w. `ukana mimarTulebis umlauti~ svanurSi axsnilia profesor
maqsime qaldanis mier (qaldani 1969):
`ukana mimarTulebis~ anu e > ê; i > ê umlauts iwveven a xmovani
da æ sonanti (reduqciiT Tu mis gareSe).
Cem mier gamovlinebuli da axsnilia umlautis mesame tipi
svanurSi, romelsac me `adiRuri~ tipis umlautad movixsenieb misi
tipologiuri msgavsebis gamo adiRur enebSi povnier umlautTan.
1983 wels v. Sengeliam wamoayena da daasabuTa debuleba, rom
istoriulad adiRur (resp. Cerqezul) enebSi moqmedebda xmovanTa
regresiuli asimilacia (umlauti), ris Sedegadac (garkveul poziciaSi)
Ria a xmovnisagan momdevno marcvlis viwro é xmovnis gavleniT miviReT
saSualo Riaobis ƒ (Sengelia 1983, 657-659):
C ƒ m é < *C a m é
`Zroxa~
m ƒ Q†é < *m a Q†é
`Tiva~
m ƒ z é < *m a é
`tye~
m ƒ Ú é < *m a Ú é
`cxvari~
d ƒ R†é < *d a R†é
`kargi~
da sxv.
adiRur enebSi é-s maumlautebeli Zala kargad Cans erTi da imave
zmnuri Ziris sxvadasxva gramatikuli formebis Sedarebisas:
193
gardamavali
gardauvali
… y ƒ -Ú ƒ R†é
`xedavs~
m ƒ -Ú a R† ƒ
`Cans (saerTod)~
y ƒ-Ú ƒ J é
m ƒ-Ú a J ƒ
`muSaobs, amuSavebs~
`muSaobs (saerTod)~
y ƒ-h ƒ J é
m ƒ-h a J ƒ
`lewavs, cexvavs~
`lewavs, cexvavs (saerTod)”
da sxv.
ufro vrclad am debulebebis dasabuTeba v. Sengelias mocemuli
hqonda Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi (16. 11. 1999, ix. Sengelia 2006,
32-65), romlis erT-erTi oponentic me gaxldiT da swored maSin miiqcies maT Cemi yuradReba im tipologiuri izomorfizmiT, romelsac
adiRuri umlauti avlenda Cem mier svanurSi moZiebul faqtebTan:
ðbéntylðæi
`putavs, bdRvnis”
ðgérmðæi
`danaxSireba~
ðdélgimón
`dasaxlda, damkvidrda~
ðdélxine
`sixaruliT Sexvda, naxviT gaixara~
ðdémbaJe
`gaikvirva~
ðdémbæêle
`iambo, moyva (raRacas)~
ðdénCqare
`iCqara~
ðdérdda
`gaxda~
ðdérdunón
`dadga (cud gunebaze)~
ðmzéri
`locavs, adRegrZelebs~
ðménCxrine
`avarvarebs~
ðnélkuhe
`moikiTxa, moiZia~
ðnéngriSe
`iangariSa~
ðnéndune
`moindoma, moisurva~
ðnényaæe
`gvestumra~
ðnérbiëlón
`bevri puri gamoacxo~
ðnérde
`gazarda~
ðnérme
`daiWira~
ðsséne
`bertyavs~
lðSéndobór
`Sesandobari~
ðwéræëli
`wiravs, galobs`
ðjérSine
`dagifen, dagigeb, dagifens~
ðhénwi
`nakelis dayra~
da sxv.
194
svanurSi é iwvevs ara mxolod Tavkiduri anu inicialuri a-s
umlauts, aramed misi maumlautebeli Zala vlindeba postkonsonantur
(resp. interkonsonantur) poziciaSi myof a-zec:
TðSéra
`yveleuli~
TðSméjðb `elarji~
kðlén
`zogjer~
sðférâel `safexurebi, saqsovi dazgis nawili~
kðcxéndir `ZvelTaganve, imTaviTve~ da sxv.
svanuri enis fonologiuri sistemis xmovanTa klasidan a
maqsimaluri RiaobiT xasiaTdeba, é _ minimaluriT da am niSniT
upirispirdebian
erTmaneTs
(neitraluri
a
da
é
erTnairad
upirispirdebian svanuris sxva sada xmovnebs: i-sa da e-s rogorc
arapalatalurebi, xolo u-sa da o-s rogorc aralabialurebi).
maqsimaluri Riaobis a xmovnis umlauti (gadabgereba) gamoixateba
misi Riaobis SemcirebaSi (a > ê), rasac iwvevs
momdevno marcvalSi
povnieri minimaluri Riaobis é.
tipologiurad svanuri umlautis es saxeoba iseTive izomorfizms
avlens adiRur enebSi aRweril umlautTan, rogorc svanuris e. w. wina
warmoebis umlauti germanuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebel umlautTan.
é-s mier gamowveuli umlautic regresiuli xasiaTisaa. iseve
rogorc e, é-c maumlautizebel Zalas avlens mxolod a-ze: a > ê.
ï, iseve rogorc ë, maumlautizebel Tvisebas moklebulia. zogjer é
miRebulia romelime sxva xmovani bgeris daviwrovebis Sedegad. umlautis
TvalsazrisiT i > é-s an e > é-s SemTxvevaSi, es arafers cvlis.
SeiZleba aseTi sityva-formebi paralelurad Tanaarsebobdnen kidec
svanuri enis sxvadasxva dialeqtSi an sulac erTi dialeqtis farglebSi.
a-s umlauti yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi Tanabrad iqneba realizebuli
rogorc palataluri bgerebis _ i, e, aseve é-s mier :
x-ðCxina // x-ðCxéna
`garWobili, gaCxerili~
ðcxrili // ðcxréli
`cxrilavs, cris~
lðcindaæ // lðcéndaæ
`bude~
lðmezér // lðmzér
`salocavi~
da sxv.
195
literatura
qaldani 1969 _ m. qaldani , svanuri enis fonetika, I, umlautis sistema
svanurSi,
`mecniereba~, Tbilisi.
SaniZe 1925 _ ak. SaniZe, umlauti svanurSi, `arili”, tfilisi.
Sengelia 1983 _ v. Sengelia, adiRur enaTa vokalizmis istoriisaTvis,
`saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe~, t. 112, #3.
Sengelia 2006 _ v. Sengelia, qarTvelur da Cerqezul enobriv sistemaTa
istoriis zogi sakiTxi, `qarTuli ena~, Tbilisi.
Mikheil Kurdiani
"Adygei" Type Umlaut in Svan
(Extracts from Svan language Historical Phonetics II)
Summary
There are described two types of umlaut or partial assimilation of the vocals
in Svan language and both of them are regressive by character. The first of them is
called in Georgian scientific literature as "front direction" umlaut but another as
"backward direction" umlaut (alongside with vocals articulation direction
changes).
So called "front direction" umlaut is the palatal type and its explanation
belongs to acad. Akaki Shanidze (1925):
a > „; À > Á; o > ”; ã > ä; u > ü; ó > ö.
Umlaut is provoked by palatal i and Ò (in any case) and by e (only a>À and,
as a rule, at the expense of its own reduction);
So called "backward direction" umlaut is explained by prof. Maxim Kaldani
(1969):
e > ä ; i > „ umlaut are provoked vocal a and sonant w (through
reduction or without it).
I revealed and explained third type of umlaut in Svan, which I mentioned as
"Adygei" type umlaut, as it is typologically close to the umlaut, that was revealed
by V. Shengelia and described in Adygei languages (the Circassian language) in
1983: open a vocal mutation (umlaut) proceeded ă through the influence of
following syllable narrow vocal Ê. More broadly he argued about the thesis in his
DPhil, where I was one of the opponents and namely I paid attention to the
typological isomorphism that Adygei umlaut revealed in Svan language mentioned
facts find out by me:
äbÊnt'q'läwi "Pluck", "Pick"
ägÊrmäwi "To coal"
196
ädÊlgimÁn "Settle", "Inhabit"
ämÊnÄxrine "Heat"
änÊlkuhe "Said Hello", "Investigate"
ässÊne "Whisks"
ä c'ÊrwÉli "Liturgies", "Psalms"
äþÊršine "I cover to you", "I lay it to you", "He/she covers to you"
Etc.
Ê provokes not only initial a umlaut but reveals its umlaut power on a in the
post consonant position as well:
täšÊra
"Cheese-making"
täšmÊþäb
"Mashed cheese"
kälÊn
"Sometimes"
säpÊrqel
"Steps, part of knitted machine"
käcxÊndir
"Form the ancient times", "Since"'
Etc.
Umlaut provoked by Ê has a regressive character as e, and reveals umlaut
power only on a: a>ä, Ë as É, has lack of umlaut power.
197
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ II, 2008
axali wignebi
svanuri
ena
(gramatikuli
mimoxilva,
Semdgenlebi: z. WumburiZe, l. niJaraZe,
`petiti~, Tbilisi 2007 (388 gv.)
r.
teqstebi,
qurdaZe,
leqsikoni)
gamomcemloba
gasul wels Sveicariis saelCos mxardaWeriTa da finansuri
daxmarebiT gamoica wigni `svanuri ena~. redaqtori (z. WumburiZe)
SesavalSi aRniSnavs, rom `wignis mizania erTgvarad Seamzados niadagi~
svanuri enis saswavlo saxelmZRvanelos Sesaqmnelad, da zustad es aris
is erTaderTi, raSic SeiZleba avtors ar daeTanxmo, radgan wignis
Sinaarsi, struqtura da vizualuri mxare metyvelebs imaze, rom Cven
xelTa gvavs swored saxelmZRvanelo, dawerili gasagebi eniT da mkafio
ganmartebebiT.
wigni agebulebisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT SeiZleba daiyos 5
ZiriTad nawilad:
I. svanuri enis gramatikuli analizi, sadac mocemulia zogadi cnobebi
svaneTisa da svanuri enis Sesaxeb, ganxilulia fonetikisa da
morfologiis sakiTxebi (z. WumburiZe, gv. 7-186);
II. svanuri enis praqtikuli kursi _ a)sasaubro teqstebi da
savarjiSoebi; b)dialogebi (l. niJaraZe, gv. 187-264);
III. svanuri teqstebi _ poezia, proza, gamocanebi, andazebi (gv. 265-316);
IV. svanur-qarTuli da qarTul-svanuri leqsikoni (r. qurdaZe, gv. 317371);
V. bibliografia (gv. 372-387).
svanuri enis SemswavlelTaTvis Zalze komfortuli unda iyos,
rom yvela sityva-forma, rogorc Teoriul nawilSi, ise teqstebSi
Targmnilia qarTulad, xolo savarjiSoebi Tematurad mravalferovania.
saintereso nimuSebia aRebuli svanuri prozidan da poeziidan.
saxalisoa aseve svanuri gamocanebi da andazebi.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba gulwrfelad iTqvas, rom am wignis
gamocema udavod wingadadgmuli da drouli nabijia qarTvelologiis
Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
ivane leJava
198
Marine Bokhashvili, "Einführung in die georgische Schrift", BUSKE, Hamburg,
2007 (95 gv.)
wigni ZiriTadad sami nawilisagan Sedgeba. pirvel nawils
ganekuTvneba Sesavali (gv. 9-28), meore nawilSi (gv. 29-69) qarTuli
asoebis werisa da gadabmis nimuSebia warmodgenili savarjiSoebiTurT,
amas mosdevs damateba, romelSic ZiriTadad qarTuli enis saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebidan amoRebuli qarTuli weris nimuSebia moyvanili.
wigni lamazad aris gaformebuli, magram, samwuxarod,
misi
dadebiTad daxasiaTeba Wirs.
mogaxsenebT ramdenime SeniSvnas:
1. miuReblad migvaCnia R-s Sesatyvisad r-s, xolo r-s Sesatyvisad
R-s gamoyeneba. qarTvelologiur literaturaSi arsebobs qarTuli
sityvebis, maT Soris qarTuli sakuTari saxelebis, transliteraciis
xangrZlivi tradicia da misgan gadaxveva azriani dasabuTebis gareSe ar
aris gamarTlebuli. Tu es maincdamainc kompiuteris advili gamoyenebis
mizniT xdeba, maSin jobda R R-s Sesatyvisad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli,
radgan R ufro iSviaTi fonemaa qarTulSi da kompiuteruli praqtikiTac
iqneboda es ufro gamarTlebuli. sainteresoa, ratom ar wers q-ni
marine Tavis saxels R-Ti, ra unda ifiqros mkiTxvelma (miseuli
logikiT), rom mas maRine hqvia?
2. amave mizeziT miuReblad migvaCnia ß-s xmareba s-s Sesatyvisad.
saerTod s aris yvelaze xSiri Tanxmovani qarTulSi, mas sixSiris
mixedviT r mosdevs da aseTi xSiri fonemebis transkrifciis nebismierad
Secvlas uazro garTulebebi mosdevs.
3. xelnawerSi ramdenime qarTuli aso rom gamartivebulad iwereba, amas avtoric aRniSnavs, magram romel asos eniWeba upiratesoba, es
TviT iman unda gadawyvitos, vinc wers. es avtoris mier moyvanili
xelnawerebis magaliTebidanac kargad Cans. sxvaTa Soris, wignSi moyvanili xelnawerebidan ar Cans, rom xelnaweri d nabeWdisagan gansxvavdeba.
sakuTari gemovnebis mixedviT xelweris swavleba gaumarTlebelia. es
SeniSvna gansakuTrebiT asoebis gadabmis nimuSebs exeba. asoebis gadabmis
nimuSebis Sesaxeb kidev Semdegi unda aRiniSnos: 33-e gverdze i-sa da i-s
gadabmis magaliTebi orjer aris moyvanili. saerTod mTel nimuSebSi
ujrebgareT dawerili asoebi zomiT ufro mcirea, vidre ujrebSi, Tanac
zogjer gansxvavebuli formisac (mag., u da f).
xSirad moyvanilia iseTi Tanxmovnebis gadabmis magaliTebi,
romlebic erTad (TanxmovanTkompleqsebi) arc erT qarTul sityvaSi ar
gvxvdeba. ratom vaswavliT ucxoels, magaliTad, Semdegi asoebis
gadabmas: fR, TR, RR, jJ, bb, kR, yR, pR, jW, jj,
da bevri sxva
msgavsis, Tu amgvari bgeraTkompleqsebi ar arsebobs? jobda is
harmoniuli
bgeraTkompleqsebis
Sesatyvisi
asoebis
gadabmaSi
199
gvevarjiSebina, magram avtori, Cans, sul ar iTvaliswinebs qarTuli enis
fonetikur struqturas.
4. absoluturad gaumarTlebelia avarjiSo germaneli germanuli
sityvebis qarTuli asoebiT daweraSi A(sxvaTa Soris, avtori germanul
sityvebs ratomRac laTinur sityvebs uwodebs _ gv. 30), SeiZleboda
amave mizniT sakuTari saxelebis gamoyeneba, rac nawilobriv aris kidevac
wignSi mocemuli, magram mxolod nawilobriv.
5. erTi ram gvinda kidev aRvniSnoT, avtori aswavlis mkiTxvels
Tavdapirvelad ramdenime asos (a, i, g, d, l da b-s), Semdeg ki sTavazobs
mas am asoebis iseT asoebTan gadabmis nimuSebs, romlebic mas jer ar
uswavlia. meTodurad es absoluturad gaumarTlebelia.
6. bolos ramdenime sityva Sesavali werilis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod,
wignis am nawilSiac aRmoCnda yovlad savalalo Secdomebi, romlebic
avtors ar mieteveba.
magaliTad:
a)me-12 gverdze avtori moixseniebs arsen iyalToels, romelsac arsenas
uwodebs. arseni TanxmovanfuZiani sakuTari saxelia. -a daboloeba aseT
saxelebs Cveulebriv kuTxur metyvelebaSi moudis, an maSin, roca
mosaubres unda agdebulad moixsenios vinme. avtors, rogorc Cans,
arsena oZelaSvilis gavleniT (yaCaRis arsenad moxsenieba xalxSi sul ar
aris gasakviri!) arsen iyalToelsac arsenad naTlavs.
b)imave gverdze avtori axsenebs iakob curtavels, romelic me-5 saukuneSi moRvaweobda, anu, avtoris TqmiT, im dros, roca qarTvelebi mazdeanobasa da islams ebrZodnen. sainteresoa, rogor axerxebdnen isini me-5
saukuneSi jer ararsebuli religiis (islamis) winaaRmdeg brZolas?
g)avtori
vaJa-fSavelas
naturalistad
naTlavs,
xolo
daviT
kldiaSvilisa
da
egnate
ninoSvilis
Semoqmedebas
industriul
literaturas uwodebs (?!).
d)literaturaTmcodneobaSi avtori axal aRmoCenas akeTebs, Turme 1931
wels aucilebeli saskolo swavlebis SemoRebas mohyolia Sedegad
literaturis, gansakuTrebiT ki lirikis aRmavloba da aq avtori
galaktions asaxelebs. komentari, vfiqrobT, zedmetia.
e)saqarTvelom damoukidebloba 1991 wels gamoacxada da ara 1990 wels!
Cven aq mxolod TvalSi sacemi Secdomebi CamovTvaleT.
yvela
Secdomis aRnusxva Sors wagviyvanda. saerTo STabeWdileba aseTia:
avtori ver erkveva qarTuli enis, damwerlobis, literaturis,
saqarTvelos istoriis, geografiis sakiTxebSi da Tavis Tavs uflebas
aZlevs mouTxros maT Sesaxeb germanel mkiTxvels.
lia abulaZe, andreas ludeni (miunsteri)
200
S
i n a a r s i
ena da kultura/enis Teoria
5
konstantine bregaZe
novalisis fragmenti `monologi~
Konstantin Bregadze
9
Novalis’ Fragment "The Monologue"
levan dalaqiSvili
10
ena _ filosofiuri kvlevis sagani
15
Levan Dalakishvili
Language - an Object of Philosophic Research
16
vladimer lekiaSvili
subieqtis varaudis aRmweri frazebis formaluri
analizis fsevdoproblemebi
21
Vladimir Lekiashvili
Pseudo Problems of Formal Analysis of the Propositional Attitude Reports
irine meliqiSvili
22
`Tavisuflebis~ cnebis etimologiuri diapazoni.
socialuridan individualuramde
Irine Melikischwili
33
Über den etymologischen Umfang des Begriffes der "Freiheit"
Vom Sozialen zum Individuellen
Teo CxeiZe
`avesta~ _ sufizmis erT-erTi wyaro
Teo Chkheidze
"Avesta" – one of the sources of Sufism
komunikaciuri lingvistika
rusudan asaTiani, nuca wereTeli
winadadebis sainformacio struqtura:
implikaciuri topiki qarTulSi
Rusudan Asatiani, Nutsa Tsereteli
The Information Structure of a Sentence:
Implicational Topic in Georgian
oleg kapanaZe
ontologiur-semantikuri leqsikoni qarTuli enisaTvis
Oleg Kapanadze
Ontological-Semantic Lexicon for the Georgian Language
naTia futkaraZe
internetis enis zogi sakiTxisaTvis
Natia Putkaradze
Some Questions of the Internet Language
201
35
37
38
53
54
74
75
84
morfologia/sintaqsi
marina aleqsiZe
rusul enaSi predikatuli erTeulis mTavar komponentTa
Soris sintaqsuri kavSiris arsis Sesaxeb
Marina Aleksidze
On the Essence of the Syntactic Relationship between the Main
Components of the Predicative Unit in the Russian Language
qeTevan gigaSvili
II xolmeobiTi saSuali saukuneebis ZeglTa enis mixedviT
Ketevan Gigashvili
The Second Conditional according to the Language of the Medieval Texts
vaxtang imnaiSvili
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwerasTan
dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi
Vakhtang Imnaishvili
Some Questions Linked with the Orthography of the Ordinal Numerals
maia lomiaA
megruli metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
erTi tipis konstruqcia
Maia Lomia
Construction typical for Megrelian Speech
maia saxokia
axalqarTuli aRweriTi perfeqtebis diaqroniul-tipologiuri
analizi: aRweriTi paradigma
Maia Sakhokia
New Analytical Perfects of Modern Georgian:
Diachrony, Retrospection and Typology
semantika/frazeologia/leqsikologia
lia abulaZe
komponenturi analizi da sintagmaturi leqsikuri mimarTebebi
Lia Abuladze
Componential analysis of meaning and syntagmatic lexical relations
nikoloz oTinaSvili
Sida qarTlis Zveli toponimebi
Nikoloz Otinashvili
Old Toponyms of Inner Kartli
sociolingvistika
marine jaRiaSvili
axalgazrduli Jargonis semantika da fsiqologiuri funqcia
Marine Jaghiashvili
Semantics and Psychological Function of Youth Jargon
202
85
92
93
99
100
108
109
111
112
135
136
147
149
153
154
167
teqstis lingvistika
rusudan enuqiZe
SesaZlebelia Tu ara diskursis nawilobrivi
formalizacia mxatvrul teqstSi?
Rusudan Enukidze
Is Partial Formalization of Discourse Possible in Fiction?
filologia/teqstologia
hainc fenrixi
SeniSvna nekresis warwerebisaTvis
168
173
174
fonetika/fonologia
sofio mujiri
prosodiuli segmentaciis da funqcionaluri
perspeqtivis maxasiaTeblebi zepir spontanur teqstSi
Sophie Mujiri
Peculiarities of Prosodic Segmentation and Distribution of
Functional Perspective in Oral Spontaneous Text
mixeil qurdiani
`adiRuri~ tipis umlauti svanurSi
Mikheil Kurdiani
"Adygei" Type Umlaut in Svan
axali wignebi
svanuri ena (gramatikuli mimoxilva, teqstebi, leqsikoni)
179
192
193
196
198
Semdgenlebi: z. WumburiZe, l. niJaraZe, r. qurdaZe,
gamomcemloba `petiti~, Tbilisi 2007 (ivane leJava)
Marine Bokhashvili, "Einführung in die georgische Schrift",
BUSKE, Hamburg 2007 (lia abulaZe, andreas ludeni)
203
199