The Evolution of the Timber Frame Universidad de

Miles Lewis
the evolution of the timber frame
Entramado en Madera, Su Evolución
Universidad de Chile
November 2007
pillared halls
Recintos sobre Pilares
3 Altintepe
2 Hattusas
4 Persepolis
1 Troy
Troy VI, c1800-1200 BC; Hattusas, c 1250 BC; Altintepe; Persepolis
Base plan: Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History (Harmondsworth [Middlesex]1967), p 35
Building C, Troy VI (c1800-1200 BC)
with central timber columns / con columnas al centro
Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 24
Hattusas: remains of building D,
Restos del Edificio D
Büyükkale, c 1250 BC: view & plan
Vista y planta
Miles Lewis
Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations, p 300
presumed
cross-heads
building D, Büyükkale,
Hattusas, C13th
plan of surviving foundations
planta de fundaciones aún existentes
reconstruction plan with columns
Planta reconstruida con columnas
reconstructed interior view
Reconstrucción de vista interior
Kurt Bittel, A Guide to Bogazköy (Ankara,
no date), p 27
Urartu Temple at Altintepe, Turkey, C8th,
reconstruction by M Akok / reconstrucción por M. Akok
Temizer, Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, p 122
Persepolis: aerial view
Stierlin, Monuments de l'Antiquité, no page
Persepolis
Plan / planta
Frankfort, Ancient Orient,
p 219
Persepolis
construction of a column
from the Treasury /
Construcción de una Columna del
Tesoro
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 221
Hall of the Hundred Columns, Persepolis, reconstructed view
Salón de las Cien Columnas, Persépolis, vista reconstruida
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, pl 186
Persepolis
Hall of the Hundred Columns, reconstruction of a column
double-headed bull capital / reconstrucción de una
columna con capitel de doble cabeza de toro
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 222
Middle Eastern Studies, no 27
House Mill, Bromley-by-Bow,
Newham, London, 1776
C A Hewett, English Historic Carpentry
(London 1980), p 255
industrial timber
Construction / Construcción
Industrial en Madera
square posts /
Columnas de Sección cuadrada
chamfer-stopped arrises /
aristas chanfleadas
spreaders /
barras
beams (later barrups) /
vigas
Portarlington Flour Mill, Australia,
by Andrew McWilliams, 1857
detail of chamfer-stopped post,
spreader & beam (later wedges)
Detalle de poste con capitel
chanfleado, barra y viga (cuñas
posteriores)
Miles Lewis 1987
scarfed and braced joints, USA, 1859
Uniones en ángulo y de machi-hembrado
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy (Philadelphia 1859), plate 13
general framing for a heavy barn /
Entramado general para un granero
W A Radford, Framing: a Practical Manual (Chicago 1909), p 240
a pioneering example of the ‘shed’ principle
Ejemplo pionero del principio “shed”
the Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company's cotton mill near Bombay
by William Fairbairn, and Sons, before 1863: sections
William Fairbairn, Mills and Mill-Work (4th ed, London 1878 [?c 1860]), pl XV
Dennys Lascelles wool
Stores, Geelong, Australia
Jacob Pitman's section &
roof plan / corte y planta de techo
modern view of the show floor
Vista actual del área de exhibición
Selenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4,
from Melbourne University Archives
Miles Lewis 1984
Dalgety Wool Stores, Gheringhap Street & Western Beach, Geelong: the 1901 portion
Miles Lewis 1985
Dalgety Store, 1901 building, show floor,
showing cross-heads, trussed beams (barrups) and a sawtooth roof
mostrando capiteles, cerchas y techo en forma de serrucho
Selenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4, from Melbourne University Archives
the Crystal Palace, London, by Joseph Paxton, 1850-1
the roofing system, showing queen post barrups
Complejo de Techumbre, mostrando vigas maestras
Brino, Crystal Palace, p 43
trussed beams
(barrups)
Cerchas
G L Sutcliffe [ed], The Modern
Carpenter Joiner and Cabinet-Maker(8
vols, London 1903), IV, pp 396, 387
C F Mitchell, Building Construction and
Drawing (5th ed, London 1900), p 87
No 8 wharf Warehouse, Walsh Bay, Sydney:
detail of roof framing
Detalle del entramado de techo
Balint, Warehouse and Woolstores, p 73
Sunshine Harvester Works, Devonshire Road, Sunshine: view in 1906
Science Museum of Victoria
Sunshine Harvester Works, details of trussed beam and droppers
Detalles de cerchas y elementos intermedios
Miles Lewis 1987
Class C housing, Sewell, Chile,
showing timber pillars and
cross-heads
Mostrando pilares del
entramado y capiteles
square timber pillars
ICOMOS recommendations on Sewell, April
2006
cross-heads
angle braces
earthfast construction
Construcción con elementos
hincados en suelo
Neolithic buildings in Europe
Edificios neolíticos en Europa
Palisades / Empalizadas
stave churches / Iglesias en base a duelas
huts in / cabañas en Africa, Bangladesh,
Gilbert Islands, South China Sea &c
the forested areas of Northern Europe
Áreas boscosas del norte de Europa
Vaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku (Prague 1980), p 562
palisade
construction,
Denmark
Construcción de
Empalizadas en
Dinamarca
Gorm Benzon, Gammelt
Danske Bindingsværk
(Copenhagen 1984), p 19
early stave building, Hemse, Gotland, Sweden
Edificio antiguo en base a duelas
MUAS 5,284
palisade construction
earthfast post & wattle construction
reconstruction of a typical long house, Neolithic village of KölnLindenthal (near Cologne), Germany, c 4000 BC
Reconstrucción de una casa alargada típica
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of
Technology, Volume I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 309
reconstruction of a Neolithic house at Haldon, England
Crossley, Timber Building in England, p 75
house at Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C4th-C3rd BC
sectional perspective reconstruction by Price & Schwarz
(earthfast post and wattle construction)
Corte en perspectiva reconstruido
Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief (Berkely [California] 1982), p 82
House of Romulus, Rome: reconstruction drawing
Frank Sear
Takayuka hut,
Kyushu
South China Sea,
AD 200
J H Acland, Medieval
Structure: the Gothic Vault
(Toronto 1972), p 11
Hut / cabaña in the South Camerouns, Africa
MUAS 12,068
initiates' hut, Gilbert
Islands, Pacific
Ocean
John Hockings, Traditional
Architecture in the Gilbert Islands
(St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p
126
construction of a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
Dilshad Ara
a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
Dilshad Ara
evolution of the box frame
the mortice & tenon / caja y espiga
the ground sill / sobrecimiento
the brace / abrazadera
fachwerkbau
half timbering / media madera
earthfast versus ground sill construction
Construcción empotrada vs de solera de asiento
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology,
vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320
the failure of an unbraced frame: the need for triangulation
La falla de un marco no arriostrado: la necesidad de triangulación
the mortice & tenon joint
Unión de caja y espiga
Glastonbury, England, c 200 BC
overlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one
presumably for a corner post
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol
I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320
interpretation of a structure
from Valkenburg, Netherlands,
of the Roman period
framing and wattling in
trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building
History (London 1961), p 21
decay
DECAY
interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands,
of the Roman period
framing and wattling in trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21
excavation of a structure at Valkenburg,Netherlands, of the Roman
period, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates
Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21
reconstruction
of a structure at
Valkenburg,
with framing
and wattling on
sole plates
Jope, Studies in
Building History, p
21
the rediscovery of the ground sill
conjectural reconstruction of a Saxon Hall, say 10th century
El redescubrimiento del sobrecimiento,
reconstrucción supuesta de un salón Sajón, s.X
MUAS 15,858
sulehaus frame
Denmark
Benzon, Gammelt
Danske Bindingsværk, p
199
building frame, (supposedly
Noah’s ark)
from the Bedford Hours, early
C15th
Sistema de entramado
(supuestamente del Arca de Noé),
extraido de Bedford Hours
Donald Matthew, Atlas of Medieval
Europe (Oxford 1983), p 145
second
box frame
jetty
(or corbel)
box frame
masonry
plinth
English box frame house, cutaway view
Entramado inglés de una casa, vista interior
MUAS 10,207
English half-timbered box frames
half-timbered house in Hildersham,
Cambridgeshire; House in
Winchester, C16th; Speke Hall,
Lancashire
Ejemplos de entramado en media
madera
MUAS 8,381, 637, 10,949
Compound farmstead/ Conjunto rural from Klein-Hoeselt, Limburg,
C16th-18th, now in the Bokrijk Museum
Marc Laenen, no 94
Granary/
granero
Bokrijk
Museum
Belgium
Marc Laenen
no 71
French half timbered pigeon houses/
Palomares en media madera francès
Midi-Pyrénées region; border of the Tarn, Garonne & Lot departments
Bertrand de Vivies, Pigeon-Houses of the Midi Pyrenees Region (Albi 1994), pp 11, 25
English box
frame house,
cutaway view
Vista interior
entramado
inglès
MUAS 10,207
eighteenth century timber framing and nineteenth century trussed partition
Entramado y cerchas siglo 18 y 19
Francis Price, The British Carpenter (London 1753), plate C
R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), p 49, fig 231
the roles of the brace and the stud in a box frame
El rol de la abrazadera y el pilar en el sistema de
entramado de cajón
the frame is like a truss, and the diagonals are important members el marco es
como una cercha, y las diagonales son elementos importantes
the studs merely fill in the panels in between
Los pie derechos son elementos intermedios en los paneles
the diagonals are at least as large as the studs, often much larger
Las diagonales son al menos del mismo largo que los pie derechos, casi
siempre más largos
where a diagonal meets a stud, the diagonal is continuous and the stud is cut
En el encuentro entre un pie derecho y una diagonal, la diagonal es continua y
el pie derecho es el que se corta
English barn design, 1781
Diseño de granero inglés
William Pain, The Carpenter's Pocket Directory;
containing the Best Methods of Framing Timber Buildings
... with the Plan and Sections of a Barn (London 1781),
plates i & iid
timber barn, 1807
Granero en madera
Robert Lugar, The Country Gentleman's Architect (London 1807), plate 20
'Barwon Bank', Riversdale Road, Chilwell (Geelong),
by T R Yabsley, 1852-3: detail of hall partition wall / detalle del tabique
Miles Lewis 1981
Australasian Steam Navigation
Co, 5 Hickson Road, Sydney,
by W W Wardell, 1883:
details of a partition
on the upper floor
Detalle del tabique en el piso superior
Miles Lewis 1991
'Glenown', Glenmaggie, Victoria, c 1871
Miles Lewis 1994
'Glenown', view of rear wall / vista del muro trasero
Miles Lewis 1994
'Glenown', top corner joint in the rear wall, showing the square corner stud and the housing
of the brace, compared with a butting joint on display at Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia
Miles Lewis 1994 & 1992
'Glenown', the bracing of the rear wall, and the base,
showing stud and brace descending below floor level
Miles Lewis 1994
house at the Bokrijk Museum, Belgium
Marc Laenen, no 59
'Elevation of two studd work
cottages of the smallest size,
with brick gables', by
Nathaniel Kent, 1776
Elevación de dos cabañas
pequeñas, con frontones de
ladrillo
Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of
Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776),
facing p 263
house at the Bokrijk Museum
'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by
Nathaniel Kent, 1776
Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263
St Mary's Church, Chicago, 1833
Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a
New Traditions (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345
balloon frame of a
1½ storey house,
USA, c 1845-1859
sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]
studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]
puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x 100]
corner posts undefined
ribbon x x 1 or 6 x 1
[100 x 25 or 150 x 25]
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy
(1859) , plate 5
Bell’s balloon
frame house
sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]
studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]
puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x
100]
Kent’s
studd-worke
cottages
studs 3 x 5 [77 x 125]
puncheons 5 X 6 [235.
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy
(1859) , plate 5
Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of
Landed Property
balloon frame of a
two storey house,
USA, c 1845-1859
sills 3 X 10 [75 X 250]
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy
(1859) , plate 5
ribbon 4 x 1 [100 x 100] or 6 x 1 [150 x 25]
stud 2 x 4 in
[50 x 100]
puncheon 4 x 4
[100 x 100]
sill 8 x 8 [200 x 200]
? corner post unspecified
Bell’s balloon frame 1½ storey house
characteristics of the US balloon frame
from Europe
Características europeas existentes
en el Balloon-frame de USA
close studding / pie derechos próximos entre sí
the horizontal girt / el trabe horizontal
new industrial characteristics
nuevas características industriales
smaller sizes of timber / dimensiones menores de la madera
standardised sizes of timber / piezas estandarizadas
simplified timber joints / uniones simplificadas
extensive use of nails / abundante uso de clavos
balloon frame,
USA
I.C.S. Reference Library,
'Carpentry' (1900 [1897]), in
[vol 14] Carpentry Joinery
Stair Building &c (Scranton
[Pennsylvania] 1904), fig 72
factors responsible for the balloon frame in
the USA
Factores de la aparición del Balloon Frame en
USA.
high cost of labour / altos costos de mano de obra
makes complicated joints and shapes impractical
efficient sawmills / aserraderos eficientes
make smaller and standardised timber sizes more
economic than larger and more varied ones
cheap cut and wire nails / clavos a bajo costo
make nailed joints cheaper than traditional ones
the social acceptability of timber / aceptación de la
construcción en madera
makes two storey timber houses common
details of an American balloon frame
(simplified joints and skew nailing)
R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), pp 90, 91
the American balloon frame
& Haddon’s illustration of
the Australian stud frame, 1908
G E Woodward, Woodward's Country Homes, 1869
reproduced in Sigfried Giedion, Space,
Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New
Tradition (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345
Robert Haddon, Australian Archi-tecture
(Melbourne, no date [1908]), p 327